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Text Chapter 563 Naval Treaty

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    In addition to Ma Kui and several geological experts who had participated in Yumen Pass and Xinjiang oil exploration, Weng Wenhao was surprised that the Nanyang Fleet also sent two young lieutenant colonel officers, Bingwen and Zhou Songen.

    The Chinese who make a living in Nanyang are more or less concerned about the development of the country's navy, so they are familiar with the names of the navy's generals and warships. Not to mention the older generation Sa Zhenbing and Cheng Biguang, many people now know the navy.  Recently, an account called Liu Xiaohuya suddenly broke out, namely Beiyang Chen Shaokuan, Bai Yutang and Shen Honglie, Nanyang Bingwen, Chen Shiying and Zhou Songen.

    All six of them studied in Europe. Even the earliest Chen Shaokuan and Bai Yutang went to Greenwich Naval Academy in the United Kingdom after the first Sino-Japanese War to continue their studies. After the European War began, they were drafted into the army to fight with the British Royal Navy. What is interesting is that 6  The men had all participated in the Battle of Jutland in various capacities, and they were divided into two factions.  What¡¯s more interesting is that this distinction also affects the interior of the navy intentionally or unintentionally. The Beiyang Fleet can be said to be the inheritance of the old Beiyang¡¯s mantle, while the Nanyang Fleet is the embodiment of Yang Qiu¡¯s naval thinking. This can also be seen from the distribution of warships.

    After the Yellow Sea conflict, the two purchased United Forces-class battleships and the two Nevada-class battleships leased from the United States last year were delivered to Beiyang, giving Beiyang a total of 4 battleships, 2 battlecruisers (Anhai-class repairs) and 6  However, the Nanyang Fleet has 2 Anhai class, 2 training aircraft carriers and 4 light cruisers. It is said that in the 1920 naval plan, in addition to being allocated 2 heavy cruisers, the Nanyang Fleet will also acquire all 2 new aircraft carriers.  and 6 of the 8 new light cruisers.

    So now there is a joke in the navy.  Nowadays, the annual North-South exercises are the "British-German War."

    No matter which country wants to intervene in an island-dense area like Nanyang, the navy is the top priority. The stability of the Chinese in Nanyang in recent years is not due to the recovery of the country's strong naval strength. In addition, the Nanyang Fleet regularly sends warships to Luzon and  Borneo, take a few turns in the name of training.  Therefore, it is not surprising that people from the Nanyang Fleet will come, because the navy itself is a large user of oil, and countries are now paying more and more attention to oil.  Therefore, most oil companies and refineries have military backgrounds. The Anglo-Dutch Shell Company in Palembang is often visited by the British and Dutch navies, but they actually sent two "little tigers" at once.  I was very surprised.

    There are two exploration missions this time. One is the geological oil storage area located in the Mahakam River north of Balipapan, Borneo. This area was discovered by Weng Wenhao.  He thinks there may be oil in it.  The other is to go to Sumatra Island to survey a tidal flat in the Strait of Malacca. It is said that the Vice President received reliable information that there is oil there.  Judging from the geological conditions, the reserves of the former will not be very large, and the Anglo-Dutch Shell Oil Company, which is just around the corner, will not solve the problem by force.  Considering Bingwen's background, Weng Wenhao took a breath of air in his heart. What is hidden under that wasteland in Sumatra?  Is it worth it for the Vice President to mobilize a fleet to protect him?  !

    After the group of people drove to the Luzon company, Kuang Jingyang was very happy to see Ma Kui and Bingwen. He held hands and exchanged a few words before asking: "Brother Ma, what is the vice president going to do with the oil fields in Borneo? It's about a mile away from Bali Papan."  It¡¯s very close, I¡¯m afraid¡­.¡±

    The Anglo-Dutch Shell Company now has a monopoly on oil extraction in the Dutch East Indies. If a newcomer is suddenly inserted, it will definitely be very hostile.  Fortunately, Yang Qiu was also prepared and thought of using Jacob's Jewish identity, because there is also a Jewish background behind Shell.  So Ma Kui was confident and said with a smile: "Brother Jing Yang, don't worry, the vice president has already arranged this matter."

    "That's good. The country is using more and more oil, so without further ado, let's set off after three days' rest."

    "good."

    While Bingwen and his party embarked on the road to search for oil, Yang Qiu also arrived in Qinzhou.

    Choosing to enter the Nanyang oil industry is one of his plans. On the surface, it is to prepare for the next world war and solve the problem of domestic oil shortage.  But in fact, it is the prelude for national capital to participate in international competition, and it is also a part of the Nanyang Chinese economic circle and its move towards blue.  The Jewish world is not a monolith. The crazy oil oligarchs are no more passionate about politics than they are about money. There is nothing they can do about mining locally. Once they go out and work side by side with them, it is really difficult to guarantee that they will not provoke political conflicts.

    The light industry's use of the European War to enter the European and American markets is not considered true international competition. It is just an area that Europe and the United States do not pay attention to, but oil is different!  After the war in Europe, all countries began to pay attention to oil. If it were not for the oil in Sakhalin, Japan would not risk the threat of continuation of the war and refuse to let go.  From the experience of later generations, it can be seen that because of the inability to enter the international resource market in the early stage, the Republic of China's oil was almost completely choked by others. Therefore, only by inserting a knife here can it gain a greater say in the future.

    It is not a simple matter to insert a knife. It is not all about national strength and military issues, but also about concepts and discrimination.  White people have been rampant in the world for more than a hundred years, except for a few countries.In addition to protecting the country, which region in the world did not have rules made by them?  Saudi Arabian oil fields have not dared to expand their scale so far, just because they are afraid of being jealous!  It's like a big bowl of fat meat on the table. If you're used to eating green vegetables, you suddenly go and take a big piece of it away, and a group of people won't be able to beat you, but they'll still disgust you.

    Therefore, a naval force is even more needed to deter opponents.

    Three years later, Qinzhou has undergone great changes, and the shipyard has once again expanded its shipyard by two slipways.  The two new slipways are less than 100 meters apart. The two new ships currently being built on the slipway are imitation German Jupiter oil tankers included in the second five-year plan.  Tanker technology is actually very complex. Not only do we have to calculate issues such as volatilization and expansion during crude oil transportation, but we also need to install special high-pressure oil pumps. Because oil has a high viscosity, both oil pipelines and oil pumps require unique technologies, and they also need to be able to be replaced quickly.  And several independent oil storage tanks need to be set up, so the various internal pipelines in a ship are dozens of kilometers long.  For China, which has only entered the shipbuilding industry not long ago, these technologies were out of reach before, but the Rhineland Project made up for this regret.

    The Jupiter oil tanker purchased from Horvath Shipyard has had its main deck removed to reveal its internal structure. Each steel plate and spare part is marked with a number.  Dozens of shipbuilding technicians who came from Germany after the Second World War of the Rhineland Plan are teaching Chinese technicians and workers step by step.  Use this simplest method to build two of your own oil tankers while surveying and mapping, just like building blocks.  Efficiency is very slow, but it is the path that must be taken. New industrial countries need to take the path from simple imitation to technological innovation.  The two ships are similar to the Jupiter in terms of tonnage and appearance. They have a light load displacement of 15,000 tons and a full load of 28,000 tons. They can transport 12,000 tons of crude oil at a time.  The only difference was the elimination of the German boiler and reciprocating steam engine power unit.  By switching to the Jiangnan Plant's reduced steam turbine and small water tube boiler, the speed can be increased from 12 knots to 16 knots.  The economic benefits are not that good, but in the long run.  At present, the reciprocating steam engines used by low-speed merchant ships in various countries have no future.

    In addition to German engineers and Qinzhou Shipyard¡¯s own personnel, many technicians from other shipyards participated in the tanker replica project, and they all took the opportunity to learn.  And prepare for building our own oil tankers in the future.  According to calculations by the Ministry of Industry, if one wants to have the capacity to transport 10 million tons of crude oil per year, 100 ships will be needed.

    Even the United States cannot build 100 special-purpose oil tankers, so at the same time as the imitation, the Qinzhou plant has begun to design 50,000-ton super-large oil tankers with the help of German engineers.  Wei Han, director of naval shipbuilding, was even happier than Miao Yuan about this. He pointed at the tanker and kept talking, as if that thing was the domestic battleship that the navy had always wanted: "The design of the new tanker is almost complete, and the ship type test will be completed in July.  It can be started, and if everything goes well, construction will start by the end of 23."

    The gray-haired Wei Han was the most important pillar of the late Qing Navy, but he was not understood by most people because of his work.  During his tenure as shipmaster.  He has presided over the design and construction of 12 ships, and the Tongji ship still in service in the navy was built by him.  Although it was still poor compared to foreign countries due to technical and other reasons, it was not his fault, so after Yang Qiu started sorting out the navy, Sa Zhenbing found him immediately.  He once again served as the director general of naval shipbuilding equipment.

    He came this time to inspect the progress of the light cruiser in the 1920 Navy Plan contracted by the Qinzhou Factory. The 70-year-old man spent half of the year rushing to the coastal shipyards. Even Yang Qiu was quite moved and said with a smile: "Mr. Wei,  Just leave this kind of thing to the following, you have to pay attention to your health."

    Yang Qiu likes to call older people "old" or "old".  It is no longer an anecdote. Wei Han has heard about it a long time ago. He smiled and said: "Thank you, Vice President, but I just can't stop. Look at these they are all treasures. If we had these back then, Kaishi and Zi  Xiang, Yuchen and the others" At the end of the sentence, the old man lamented and shed tears.  What an outstanding generation of Beiyang people, but for various reasons, they are bloodshed on the battlefield and are still alive.  Yang Qiu quickly comforted him, knowing how aggrieved these old Beiyang men were about the First World War. Even Li Yuanhong talked about the Sino-Japanese War from time to time.

    Afraid that his sadness would affect his health, Yang Qiu turned the topic to the naval treaty and asked, "Mr. Wei, how is the naval negotiation going?"

    The naval negotiations in Washington have become increasingly complicated due to the entry of China, an emerging power. Therefore, the negotiations that ended in February have not yet produced any results. The main reason is that the Chinese Navy requires equal treatment as Japan.  Although Wei Han was a technician, he was particularly concerned about this negotiation because it related to how many warships the navy could build, so he simply introduced it to Yang Qiu next to the oil tanker under construction.

    ??Navy negotiations have begun one after another since the beginning of 21, but so far they are still in chaos.  The main core is that the United States requires equal status with the United Kingdom, while Japan requires 80% of the tonnage of the United Kingdom and the United States.  The most troublesome thing for Britain and the United States is that the Chinese Navy also proposed that the tonnage of its main battleships must be equal to that of Japan, otherwise it will not be considered for joining the treaty.

    The UK is having a headache over this.??The sophistry is that this is not a national negotiation, just a naval negotiation.  China has no overseas colonies and no naval tradition, so it shouldn't get that much tonnage.  Yang Du and Ye Zugui will definitely not be deceived. If they don't have colonies, don't they need a navy?  From Qinzhou in the south to the Northeast Strait of the Sea of ??Okhotsk in the north (the Shanghai Communiqu¨¦ starts from here, the Shantal Islands belong to China), the entire coastline is 7,000 kilometers long. In addition, Britain and the United States recognized the South China Sea islands in the Shanghai Communiqu¨¦.  The island belongs to China. The Chinese navy has the right to work with Britain, the United States and France to maintain stability in the South China Sea. Therefore, the navy needs to assume the security of approximately 11 million square kilometers of sea area!  Therefore, at least 12 battleships, 8 battlecruisers, 40 cruisers and 200 destroyers are needed to maintain coastal defense security.

    It¡¯s not that I don¡¯t know, it¡¯s just that I¡¯m shocked!  12 battleships.  8 battlecruisers, 40 cruisers This is absolutely impossible!  If it were given according to this tonnage, it would be directly comparable to Britain and the United States!  Wouldn't it be possible to create another country with a wider sea area, hundreds of times more resources, and a coastline that is completely unable to block Germany?  Therefore, not to mention Britain and the United States, France and Italy, which have nothing to do with it, shook their heads directly. Japan even said that China's statistical law was wrong.  Half of the waters under its jurisdiction should be under Japanese jurisdiction.

    Yang Du and Ye Zugui also knew that they could not get it. Even if they got it, the country would not be able to support such a large navy for the time being. The reason for this was entirely because they did not want to be weaker than the Japanese navy.  Otherwise, I won¡¯t be able to explain it when I go back.

    Facing the aggressive Chinese navy, Japan clamored for China¡¯s threats at the negotiating table, saying that Japan would withdraw if China obtained the same tonnage of its battleships.  And regardless of domestic economic pressure.  Shortly after the start of China's 1920 Navy Plan, the Eighty-Eight Fleet Plan was also changed to the Ninety-Nine Fleet Plan, and a series of new warships including the Tosa class, Amagi class, Furutaka, etc. were started to be built in an attempt to maintain the navy's status.

    Of course, the United States cannot ignore the crazy expansion plan of the Japanese Navy, but its domestic isolation mentality has become more and more serious, and the economic downturn may not even be able to complete the dozen or so capital ships started in the European War, so the requirements for the Chinese Navy are very  Ambiguous, saying on the one hand that the tonnage should not be so large, but on the other hand saying that the needs of coastal defense should be respected

    "I want to be a bitch but also want to build a memorial arch!" In the negotiation venue in Washington, thousands of miles away, Yang Du quietly walked in and sat next to Ye Zugui.  Laughing and spewing a curse word.  Coming to the United States for two years has also opened the eyes of this master of traditional Chinese culture, and his thoughts are more consistent with Yang Qiuxian's view of suppressing domestic thoughts and making every effort to build the country. Therefore, he was particularly active in this round of naval talks.

    When Ye Zugui saw him coming, he also laughed and said: "Does Xizi know? The United States' promotion of open door has failed, and the European war has not reaped the benefits. So the country has begun to think of isolation. At this time, let them vigorously develop the navy and Japan  Confrontation, Congress alone cannot overcome the hurdle of appropriation.¡±

    When Yang Du first arrived, veteran riots broke out in the United States. In the past two years, many companies have closed down due to the economic effects of the European War. So he gradually understood the American mentality and said with a smile: "This is a good thing. The national power of the United States has long surpassed that of Britain and France combined."  . If they expand, our country and Nanyang may not be able to survive. Since we don¡¯t want to intervene now, we want us to stay in front for a few years, so we can get some benefits.¡±

    "Haha Xizi, you are becoming more and more like the vice president. You never forget to do something good."

    Yang Du himself also laughed: "Du is not a person who eats the wind and drinks the dew, and he has no intention of returning to the countryside. Although yellow and white things may pollute the saint, they are also necessary things. If a person is alive like this, how can a country be lucky if it wants to grow stronger?  ?¡±

    Ye Zugui agreed with his point of view, glanced at the American representative who was speaking, and asked: "If this continues, we will not be able to get much tonnage. I wonder if there is any news from the country?"

    Yang Du came late because he was contacting the country, so he took out a telegram to Ye Zugui: "The vice president means that the battleship should preferably be 250,000 tons, if it is less than 220,000 tons, it will be fine. In short, it cannot be lower than the French intention."

    "How can that work!" Ye Zugui is also a person who thinks about the big navy. Empress Jutland is even more determined in her belief in decisive battles with battleships at sea. He said: "Yesterday I went to visit the British Lord of the Admiralty. What he meant was that Japan would take 60% of the British and French.  That is 315,000 tons. If we take 250,000 tons, the difference is a full 60,000 tons! Now it is considered a light load with water and no oil. If this tonnage is used, there will be 2 less battleships! 2 leased Nevadas  They will be returned in three years. The remaining 4 Anhais have a light load of 110,000. The 2 Austro-Hungarian combined forces can only build 3 ships. Japan now has 2 Hanoi, 4 British battle cruisers, and 4 ships.  Kongo, 2 Fuso, 2 Nagato, 14 ships, even if we cut 3 of them, we will suffer a big loss!"

    Yang Du didn't know much about the navy, so he only told Yang Qiu's suggestion: "What the vice president means is that the two second-hand Austro-Hungarian ships will be decommissioned in 2025, and the two American ships will also be returned. How much tonnage will be freed up by ourselves?"  ships. As for the gap with Japan He means to transfer 60,000 tons to aircraft carriers to ensure that we get the same tonnage as the United States and Britain. He wants us to promise to fight for special cases, keep 4 over-standard heavy cruisers, and allow our country to  Continue to use 210mm naval guns and include the Coast Guard in the Navy? ranks to avoid being included in the total tonnage of the navy.  "

    Ye Zugui felt a little uncomfortable in his heart. Although Yang Qiu had been very active in the navy in recent years and provided adequate funding and support, he had always been indifferent to battleships and preferred to develop unconventional aircraft carriers.  There was resentment within the Navy because aircraft carriers were worth far less than battleships.  As for separating the National Guard and Navy, he agrees.  Because the coastline is too long, the Coast Guard needs to build a number of large-tonnage patrol warships that can last for a long time.

    Even though there was a lot of dissatisfaction, Ye Zugui also knew that since Yang Qiu had made the decision, he had probably already discussed it with Sa Zhenbing and the others, not to mention that Congress had the power to allocate funds, and the navy would not be able to do without money.  So take a deep breath.  He looked at the representative of the Japanese Navy not far away and gritted his teeth: "I'm going to see the US Secretary of State."

    The changes in the seats of the Chinese Navy delegation did not attract much attention, but a short Lieutenant Colonel in the Japanese Navy delegation kept staring at Ye Zugui who got up to go to the US Secretary of State.  He seems to care about this behavior.

    "Takano-kun, what are you looking at? Have you finished the information I asked you to prepare?"

    Lieutenant Colonel withdrew his gaze and handed the information about the U.S. battleships to Yusaburo Kato, who came to the meeting: "Your Excellency, Prime Minister of the Navy. This is the information about all the U.S. battleships in service and under construction, including the two Nevada-class ships leased to China. Please allow me to suggest  , if we continue to compete for greater tonnage, it will inevitably lead to the abortion of the disarmament conference. Judging from our country's economic situation and the number of warships being built by the United States, we will fall behind by as many as 12 ships in 5 years! So I think we should make appropriate compromises, which is more important to the empire.  The strategic depth So we can compromise with the British on tonnage, but we should make every effort to protect Guinea and the Bismarck Islands. As long as we control Rabaul, we can cut off the entire Eastern Route! In addition, I also suggest that we give up the main force appropriately.  ship, increase the tonnage of the aircraft carrier, and ensure it is the same as that of the United Kingdom and the United States."

    Tomosaburo Kato seemed to value this young man very much, but he was very dissatisfied with him exchanging the tonnage of a battleship for an aircraft carrier: "Takano-kun's suggestion is good. Own Guinea and Rabaul. Our navy has vast depth and can be invincible."  Earth! But the capital ship is the pillar that our Imperial Japanese Navy must never give up. As for the aircraft carrier I don't think it is very important."

    "But" Lieutenant Colonel opened his mouth, but when he saw Kato Yusaburo's sharp eyes looking at the direction of the Chinese delegation, he had to close his mouth.  Obviously, the Japanese Navy cannot accept the fact that it has fewer or as many battleships as China.  Not to mention proactive cuts.

    Japan does not agree to exchange battleships for aircraft carriers, but Ye Zugui proposed this proposal on behalf of Yang Qiu. The US Secretary of State Charles Hughes who was present at the meeting was quite satisfied with this concession. After all, no country at this time believed that aircraft carriers could replace battleships.  However, China still thinks that 250,000 tons is too much, saying that the United States can only support 175,000 tons, which is the same as France and Italy.  As for the other continued use of 210mm naval guns, it is acceptable to keep the four existing heavy cruisers under construction that exceed the tonnage standard, but this will inevitably allow Japan to continue to keep the two Nagatos, which are extremely threatening.

    Of course not 175,000 tons!  In this case, there will be a gap of 140,000 tons with Japan. According to the proposed standard of 35,000 tons, it is a gap of four Nagato ships.  After consultation with the country and considering the lack of manufacturing capacity, Ye Zugui proposed another method, which is to take 250,000 tons, but only 200,000 tons will be built before 1930, and the remaining 50,000 tons will be built at an opportunity 30 years later, and is willing to accept international supervision  .

    Although Yingmei still felt that it was too high, Ye Zugui was unwilling to give in anymore.  Said that unless Japan reduces its tonnage, it will withdraw from the peace talks!  Withdrawing would definitely not work. Japan was also unwilling to cut back on the threat of withdrawal. Considering the relationship between China and Japan, Britain and the United States finally agreed to this special case.  Although Japan was extremely reluctant, Britain agreed to imitate the Sakhalin case and continue to allow it to retain Guinea and the Bismarck Islands until after 1940. As this was a choke point for controlling shipping lanes in the Pacific, Japan finally agreed.

    ??This way the United States will quit. The strategic location of Guinea and the Bismarck Islands is too important, especially Rabaul, which is the choke point for controlling the Southwest Pacific and Eastern routes!  It is acceptable to stay in the hands of Australia. After all, Australia has no industry, but the threat of staying in the hands of Japan is too great!

    Ye Zugui later didn¡¯t know how Britain persuaded the United States and Australia, but the result was that the two countries agreed to let Japan control it until 1940, but they were only allowed to open up wasteland in Guinea and were not allowed to build offensive military facilities.  Japan is happy about this. As for not being allowed to build offensive facilities anyway, seaports and fortresses are defensive in nature.

    After acquiring Rabaul, Japan immediately added a plan to build Rabaul Fortress on the basis of building Truk Base. In order to deceive others, it built seaports and bases, built defensive fortresses, and also built seaports and bases in the name of opening up wasteland to grow food and rubber.  In one fell swoop, immigrants who had withdrawn from Taiwan were sent there, and workers were transported from China and North Korea.

    This is something.

    ?In May 1922, after some bargaining, the Washington Naval Treaty was finally reached. Ye Zugui and Yang Du signed the contract in the name of the plenipotentiary representatives of the Republic of China.

    The contract stipulates as follows.

    The six countries of the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, China, France, and Italy are not allowed to build (or build for non-party countries) capital ships with a standard displacement of 35,000 tons (all British tons) and a diameter of 16 inches (406 mm), and they are not allowed to build aircraft carriers with a standard displacement of 27,000 tons.  All existing capital ships must be 20 years old after construction and launch before they can be replaced (but excluding leased and non-domestic second-hand capital ships).  Cruisers with a standard displacement of more than 10,000 tons and a caliber of 8 inches (203 mm) are not allowed to be built, and a single ship must not have more than 10 6.1-inch naval guns (anti-aircraft guns below 5 inches and 127mm do not count).

    According to this standard, the tonnage of capital ships in various countries is: the United States 525,000 tons (533,400 metric tons), the British Empire 525,000 tons (533,400 metric tons), Japan 315,000 tons (32,040 metric tons), the Republic of China 250,000 tons (254,000 metric tons), France 175,000 tons (177,800 metric tons), and Italy 175,000  (177,800 metric tons).

    Aircraft carrier tonnage: United States 135,000 tons (137,160 metric tons), United Kingdom 135,000 tons (137,160 metric tons), China 135,000 tons (137,160 metric tons), Japan 81,000 tons (82,296 metric tons), France 60,000 tons (60,960 metric tons), Italy 60,000 tons (60,960 metric tons)  .

    Each signatory country can use unfinished capital ships to transform two aircraft carriers not exceeding the standard of 33,000 tons (33,528 metric tons) without exceeding the total tonnage level of aircraft carriers stipulated in the treaty.

    Since China has no available modified ships, this special exception allows it to retain four rebuilt heavy cruisers, continue to use 8.27-inch (210mm) naval guns on the cruisers, and allows China and France to continue to use 6.1-inch (155mm) ships.  guns, but a single ship also complies with the clause that the total number of guns (above 152mm) must not exceed 10.

    wait

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