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Piaotian Literature of the Fourth Empire of China www.piaotia.com Chapter 337: The Russians¡¯ Little Moves

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    (Thanks to book friend fuy66666255 for his monthly ticket!)

    In December, the north is a land of ice and snow.  In the Outer Mongolia region north of the desert, roads have already been blocked by ice and snow.  Even the newly opened railway from Beijing to Kulun had to be temporarily suspended.  The railway from Kulun to Maocheng City was being built, but the construction was also stopped due to wind and snow. It will have to wait until next spring when the ice and snow melt before starting again.

    There are four main tribes of the Mongolian people in Outer Mongolia, namely the Tushetu Khan Tribe, the Chechen Khan Tribe, the Zhaktu Khan Tribe and the Sayinnoyan Tribe.  Due to the suppression of the Qing Dynasty, the total population of the four major tribes in Outer Mongolia was only less than 400,000.  However, the land area is more than 2.6 million square kilometers, which is truly vast but sparsely populated.  This also caused Tsarist Russia in the north to continuously encroach and attempt to steal the territory of northern China.

    After the Manchu Qing Dynasty was overthrown, in order to maintain the stability of Mongolia.  Wang Yuze maintained the system in Mongolia. The four major tribes in Outer Mongolia and the three major tribes in Inner Mongolia still continued the ruling methods of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties.  However, the power of the Mongolian nobles is much smaller.  Especially for the three major tribes in Inner Mongolia, with the development of reforms, although the Mongolian nobles have a high status, they can no longer exploit herdsmen at will.  All judicial and administrative powers in the entire Mongolian region were seized by the central government.  The Mongolian nobles can no longer deal with their herdsmen as they did before.  In addition, Wang Yuze canceled many restrictions on Mongolians, such as being forced to become lamas, etc. This made almost all Mongolians at the lowest level support the imperial government.  The Mongolian nobles have lost their basis for rule.

    In the Inner Mongolia region south of the desert, close to the hinterland of the empire, although the Mongolian nobles were a little unwilling, they had no other choice but to admit it.  If they dare to resist, the empire's army can easily destroy them.  However, the Outer Mongolia region to the north of the desert is blocked by the desert, and it is too far away, making it difficult for the empire to control.  However, with the opening of the railway from Beijing to Kulun, a large number of imperial troops can be stationed in the Mongolian region, which makes the nobles of various tribes in Outer Mongolia increasingly uneasy.  In their eyes, ordinary Mongolians were their slaves and their property.  But now, the imperial government wants to deprive them of their power, which they cannot accept no matter what.  In addition, the Russians continued to encroach on Mongolia, making the Mongols increasingly dissatisfied with the empire.

    Outer Mongolia is the northern border of the Qing Dynasty and a Chinese territory adjacent to Russia.  Tsarist Russian invaders have long wanted to seize this region for themselves.  On September 1, 1727, China and Russia signed the "Brenschi Boundary Treaty", delimiting the middle section of the border between China and Russia.  On November 2 of the same year, the two sides signed the "Kyakhta Boundary Treaty". China and Russia further demarcated the middle section of the border between China and Russia. Tsarist Russia also obtained the privilege of trade in Kyakhta and Outer Mongolia.  However, Tsarist Russia did not give up its ambition to invade and occupy Outer Mongolia.  Especially after the mid-19th century, it regarded the annexation of Outer Mongolia as one of the main contents of its foreign aggression policy.  In 1854, Muravyov, the governor-general in Eastern Siberia, pointed out in his "Acting in compliance with the supreme government's intentions regarding the Chinese Empire": "Once a coup occurs in China, the new Chinese government should not be allowed to expand its power to Mongolia. In this case,  Under such circumstances, Mongolia should be protected by our country."  Later, when the British and French allied forces attacked the coast of China, Tsarist Russia had tens of thousands of troops stationed on the Sino-Russian border and was preparing to send two troops: "One way to capture Kulun, the other to capture Aihun."  Muravyov also publicly shouted: "If we can establish a foothold in Manchuria and Mongolia, and thereby separate Manchuria and Mongolia from China and become two principalities under the protection of Russia, even if we do not immigrate for the time being, we will not be harmed." It is obvious that the Tsarist Russian government has a vain attempt.  Splitting Outer Mongolia from China and turning it into a protectorate of Tsarist Russia was just a matter of waiting for the opportunity.

    In order to invade and occupy Outer Mongolia, Tsarist Russia also diplomatically forced the Qing court to sign a series of unequal treaties.  Such as the "Tianjin Treaty" in 1858, the "Beijing Treaty" in 1860, the "Land Commerce Charter" in 1862, the "Revised Land Trade Charter" in 1869, and the "Revised Treaty between China and Russia" in 1881 and its annex to the trade charter.  and "Russian Businessmen Going to China to Trade across the Border at Kalundan" etc.  These treaties all contain political and economic provisions related to the occupation of Mongolia.

    In addition to sending caravans, the Tsarist Russian government also used culture to engage in political, economic, military, religious and other aspects of agitation and propaganda, making the Mongolian feudal upper class trust Russia and winning over the hearts of the Mongols.  Tsarist Russia opened a Mongolian translation school in Kulun, and set up Mongolian language studies majors at Petersburg University and Kazan Religious University to cultivate professionals who can study Mongolian issues.  In order to annex Outer Mongolia, Tsarist Russia also used the Consulate in Kulun and the "Kulun Office of Badmayev Business Company" as their "riot political center."  In the name of doing business, this "center" travels between Kyaktu, Ulyasutai and major trade routes and post roads, and engages in conspiracy activities.  Their main activities "are devoted to utilizing the Mongols."  At the same time, the Tsarist Russian Consulate in Kulun is located in Kyaktu-Kulun-Zhangjiakou, Kulun-Khobdo-Ulyasutai.Each station on the post road was assigned a detective named "Learning Mongolian", who often contacted Qing officials and Mongolian princes to gather intelligence.

    An important means used by Tsarist Russia in planning the "rebellion" in Outer Mongolia was to use various opportunities to win over and bribe the Mongolian princes, and to maliciously sow discord between the upper echelons of the Mongolian princes and the Qing court, striving to incite national separatist sentiments and cultivate pro-Russian forces.  Make it trust Russia.  For example, Kulun Living Buddha Jebtsundamba is the highest political and religious leader of Outer Mongolia.  He became the eighth living Buddha at the age of four and moved from Simon to Cullen in 1882. When he was twelve years old, he began to be affected by the aggressive forces of Tsarist Russia.  At that time, Shishmalev, the Russian consul in Kulun, took advantage of the living Buddha's young age to "give away" European toys, paintings and dozens of rare animals.  After the living Buddha grew up, Tsarist Russia also "used flirtatious means to pursue his greedy heart", that is, "the female disciple (the living Buddha's wife) gave birth to the little Buddha, and the Russians also dedicated a woman to serve the living Buddha, tabooly calling him a wet nurse.  As a means of contacting living Buddhas."  In 1900, Shishmalev, the Russian consul in Kulun, presented a golden chair, an elephant and other treasures to Jebzundamba on behalf of the Tsarist Russian government.  In the same year, the Russian Kolod aroused opposition from the Mongolian princes of the Tushetu Khan tribe because he seized the gold mining rights near Kulun.  In order to adjust the dissatisfaction of the Mongolian prince, Shshmalev bribed the Mongolian prince with 100,000 rubles on the spot in the name of "compensation".  And at the meeting of Mongolian princes, they openly spread that the Han people wanted to "annihilate Mongolia economically and politically" and that Russia "hoped to save the Mongolian princes from this embarrassing state."  Only ¡°through Russian-Mongolian trade and gold mining¡± could the ¡°prosperity of the Mongolian king, people, and princes be enhanced.¡±  He also secretly wooed and bribed the chief of the Tushetu Khan Department, Chakdu'erzabu, Prince Hangda Dorzi, and Zasak's first-ranking Taijinamusarai, to bring them closer to Russia.

    The city of Merchant is the northernmost city in Mongolia. The rise of this city is mainly due to the trade between China and Russia.  To the north of the trading city is the Russian city of Kyakhta.  After Mongolia surrendered to the empire, a cavalry battalion of the Chinese Army was stationed here to not only guard the country but also maintain the commercial trade here.  There are tens of thousands of people in the entire trading city, which can be regarded as one of the few large cities in Mongolia except for Kulun, Ulyasutai, and Khovd.

    Although the opening of the Suez Canal has reduced the trade status here a lot, the most important tea trade has not been greatly affected.  Business here is still very prosperous. In addition to Russians, the people doing business here also include Mongolians and Han people in the customs. It can be said that they are a mixed bag.

    In an inn in the Merchant City, a Russian and a young lama wrapped in monk's robes were sitting opposite each other.  Outside their room, there were several tall Russians and Mongolians guarding them. Apart from them, there were no other guests on the entire floor.

    "Your Majesty the Great Lama, with the opening of the railway from Kulun to Beijing, more and more Chinese soldiers entered the Mongolian region by train. They overturned the traditions of the Mongolian people and constituted a great influence on the rule of lamas and nobles.  Threat!" said the middle-aged Russian man. He had a furry Russian-style beard and looked very rough.  He is none other than Kolod, a Russian businessman active in Mongolia.  On the surface, he is a businessman engaged in trade between China and Russia and mineral development in Mongolia, but in fact, he is the special envoy of East Siberia Governor Muraviev, and what he is engaged in is planning to separate Mongolia from China.  thing.

    The lama opposite Kolode is named Chelinqimit. In Mongolian politics and religion, he is an important figure second only to the eighth living Buddha Jebtsundamba. Especially when he devotes all his energy to indulgence and enjoyment.  When messing around with the living Buddha women, the entire political and religious affairs of Mongolia were taken care of by the Great Lama Chelin Chimit, other great lamas and Mongolian princes.  In fact, the eighth living Buddha Jebtsundamba has become a puppet, and those who are in power are people like them hiding in the dark.

    "What can we do? The Han army has entered the grassland. They have sophisticated weapons and large numbers, and they have the support of the humble herdsmen. How can we fight them?" Che Linzimit said with a grimace.

    "Your Majesty the Great Lama, now is not the most dangerous time. I heard that the Chinese are preparing to send a large army into Mongolia next year to completely end your rule. By then, that will be the most troublesome thing!" Collard said  .

    Sure enough, after listening to Collard's words, a trace of panic flashed in Che Linzimit's eyes.

    PS: The third update is here!  I am depressed, Xiaoyu is sick, and my tonsils are purulent. This chapter was written after I finished the intravenous drip. I quoted some information, and I hope everyone can understand me.  Four updates tomorrow, there will be an update in the early morning!  Finally, please subscribe and vote monthly!  (To be continued. Please search Piaotian Literature, the novels will be better and updated faster!)
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