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Volume 1 Chapter 726 The Coming of the First Industrial Revolution

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    Our open-hearth furnace does not blow oxygen, but only blows hot air, consuming approximately 150 kilograms of coal heat per ton of steel.  This means that this open-hearth furnace consumes approximately 7,500 kilograms of coking coal every day.  The daily output of fifty tons is equivalent to an annual output of more than 18,000 tons. Last year, the steel output of the entire Guanzhong and Bashu lands was only about 100,000 tons. In other words, just such an open-hearth furnace  , has reached one-fifth of last year's steel production.  This is a terrible number.  You must know that in ancient China, the Song Dynasty was probably the most successful in terms of steel production. Someone once calculated this.  Starting from the third year of Xining in the Song Dynasty, the imperial court set up twenty-six money-making offices across the country. More than 5 million copper coins were minted every year, and more than 800,000 iron coins were minted (this increased during the Southern Song Dynasty). The iron coins cast in the Song Dynasty were consistently 25.  Point five Song Jin, a large iron coin equivalent to about 15.3 kilograms (see "Two Song Dynasty Iron Money - History of the Iron Money Supervisor of Pujiang Huimin in the Song Dynasty"), is 13,000 tons based on 850,000 gold.  Of course, a small amount of tin was added to the iron coins of the Song Dynasty, which would consume about 12 million tons of iron. This is only the mid-term level. Of course, these may not all contain large amounts of money, but later the amount of iron coins increased a lot, so the Northern Song Dynasty  In the middle and later stages, the annual iron consumption is at least 12,000 tons.  The Song Dynasty had the largest and strongest heavy infantry in the world, and each person's weight could reach forty to fifty kilograms. Although not all heavy infantry were heavy infantry, the Song Dynasty would prepare a large number of weapons in order to defend against Western Xia and Liao Dynasties in case of unexpected events.  It is no exaggeration to say that a person can combine more than 40 kilograms of steel, and the Xiang army will be much smaller.  The army of the Song Dynasty was constantly changing, but in the later period there were probably more than 800,000 imperial troops and at least 500,000 Xiang troops. The amount of iron held should be at least 45,000 tons. Wars occurred frequently at that time, plus wear and rust.  A batch is updated approximately every fifteen years, requiring thousands of tons of steel every year.  The most important thing is the folk. The Song Dynasty was relatively wealthy and produced a lot of iron, so the common people must have a large number of iron tools. Merchants have scales, scissors, etc., and farmers have iron farm tools such as curved shafts and plows. The most important thing is that there must be iron.  Pots, kitchen knives, etc. An iron pot with ancient craftsmanship weighs about fifteen kilograms. Don't compare it with a small iron pot in the 21st century. That kind of thing was completely impractical in ancient times.  Of course, there is also a lot of iron used in farm implements such as ploughs, with an average of at least 30 kilograms per household. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 21 million households, which means there were about 630,000 tons of steel. According to every two  If a year-end bonus is replaced every ten years, the average annual consumption will be about 32,000 tons.  And the per capita consumption of the one percent rich class will be more than ten times that of the common people, which results in an annual consumption of 3,500 tons.  The total of the above amounts to an annual consumption of more than 50,000 tons, and consumption is approximately equal to output. Therefore, the minimum bottom line of steel production in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty was 60,000 tons. Later, in the Ming Dynasty, there was a record saying that the annual iron output was 97 million tons.  Jin, or more than 60,000 tons.  For a large country with a population of about 200 million, 50,000 tons is not much at all, and it is very suitable as the lower limit (the Yuan and Qing Dynasties are naturally far behind).  According to the American scholar Professor Hao Ruobei, the consumption of weapons, iron money casting and agricultural tools in the Song Dynasty was estimated to be roughly 75,000 to 150,000 tons of iron in the first year of Yuanfeng (10/16) of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty.  Between tons, this output was twice or even five times that of the British Industrial Revolution in 1640. By the 18th century, the iron output of all European countries (including the European part of Russia) was roughly between the 14th and 18th centuries.  Between 10,000 tons, the iron output in the Song Dynasty could basically reach this level.  Now, China's steel production has reached the middle value of the Song Dynasty's steel production.  Nowadays, the population under our territorial rule is about 21 million. Compared with the 46 million people at the peak of the Sui Dynasty, we only account for a little more than one-third of the population.  You must know that the territory we now occupy has reached more than two-thirds of the previous dynasty. This shows how much disaster the war has brought to China.  Although the Central Plains is the main gathering area of ??China's population, years of war have caused countless innocent people to die in the war, lose their homes and become homeless in the war, or to avoid other places.  For example, among the 21 million people under the rule of the Chinese Empire, more than 5 million fled from the Central Plains.  In other words, refugees alone account for a quarter of the population under my rule. This is a terrible number.  Fortunately, the weather has been good in recent years, coupled with the extensive use of organic fertilizers, and the use of wheat hybrids to obtain wheat with strong lodging resistance, the dense planting ability of wheat has been greatly improved in the past, and the yield per mu of wheat has also been improved.  experienced greater growth.  In addition, under the guidance of agricultural officials, rice planting, whether it is breeding, deep plowing, or fertilization, has become more and more standardized and reasonable, resulting in a relatively stable increase in yield.  In addition, the cultivation of Champa rice in Jiaozhi and Lingnan coastal areas has formed a large-scale cultivation. Of course, the taste of this kind of food is not very good, but fortunately, it is still food after all. Now? It is a blessing for a country to be able to fill its stomach.  A large amount of Champa rice can be stored as disaster relief grain, and can also be used to make wine. Although it tastes bad when used as grain, the wine yield and wine quality are not inferior to the taste of high-quality rice.  In addition, the current per capita grain consumption in the Guanzhong region of the Chinese Empire has shown a downward trend.  That's because we have acquired a lot of high-quality pastures in the territory we occupy, and we have obtained a large number of cattle and sheep through trade, so that people no longer have a single vegetable on their tables, and the increase in meat, eggs, and poultry has reduced the number of people.  their consumption of food.  In short, during the pre-Sui Dynasty, the annual steel production did not exceed 40,000 to 50,000 tons. Today, our steel production has exceeded the production of the previous dynasty, and will surpass the Song Dynasty in the next three to five years.  ?Some people may ask, why do we need to smelt so much steel? Is it useful?  Of course it's useful. Although I don't know the composition of an internal combustion engine, as for a steam engine, I believe anyone from the 21st century will understand the principles and structure of a steam engine.  In this era, there is oil, but the most we can produce is kerosene, which is kerosene. In the future, we may also be able to refine gasoline and diesel.  As for other by-products such as plastic or synthetic rubber, they are beyond my limited knowledge of chemistry.  Therefore, the internal combustion engine is not something that can be designed and manufactured in this era, but the steam engine can.  The steam engine is mainly composed of cylinder, base, piston, crank connecting rod mechanism, slide valve steam distribution mechanism, speed regulating mechanism and flywheel.  The cylinder and base are the stationary parts.  In a steam boiler, water boils into steam through a combustion process.  Steam is sent to the cylinder through pipes.  The valve controls the time when the steam reaches the cylinder, enters the slide valve chamber through the main steam valve and the throttle valve, and is controlled by the slide valve to alternately enter the left or right side of the cylinder to push the piston to move.  The steam pushes the piston in the cylinder to do work, and the cooled steam is introduced into the condenser through the pipe to condense back into water.  This process is repeated as the steam engine moves.  ??Simply speaking, a steam engine is a heat engine that can convert the kinetic energy in water vapor into work. Since the combustion process occurs outside the heat engine, it is an external combustion engine among heat engines.  Pumps, locomotives and ships were once powered by steam engines.  Since the British Stephenson invented the first steam locomotive in 1814, mankind has accelerated the pace of entering the industrial era. Steam locomotives have become an important symbol and key tool of cultural and social progress in this era.  Or it can be said that the emergence of the steam engine prompted people to embark on the first industrial revolution, and the second industrial revolution was due to the emergence of the internal combustion engine and electricity.  Even in the 21st century, nuclear power generation and thermal power generation still use steam turbine engines to convert thermal energy into electrical energy.  A steam engine requires a boiler that boils water to produce high-pressure steam. This boiler can use wood, coal, oil or natural gas, or even garbage as a heat source.  The expansion of steam drives the piston to do work. I remember that in history, it was the locomotive of the steam engine. From the beginning of the railway to the beginning of the 21st century, you can still see the front of this steam locomotive running non-stop.  It is enough to imagine the longevity of the steam engine.  With the steam engine, this represents the arrival of the first industrial revolution.  This thing is not a hydraulic machine. It can only be used where there is water. Instead, it can use fuel to work.  No matter what kind of industry it is in, steam engines have excellent uses. The most important point is that the emergence of steam engines made me see the possibility of railways.  Nowadays, the cement straight road has brought great convenience to the Chinese Empire. Smooth transportation has accelerated logistics and facilitated travel. It also makes it easier for the empire to control surrounding areas.  However, the combination of cement straight roads and horse-drawn carriages still lags far behind the railway in terms of transporting materials.  If a carriage wants to run a long distance, it will need to change horses and drivers many times, but the train is different. It only needs enough coal and a long enough track, as long as the machinery does not malfunction.  There is enough water and fuel.  Then, even if it orbits the earth for a week or two, there will be no problem.  I remember that in order to control other states in later generations, the most important means for the United States to control other states was to rely on railway transportation. Some states even asked the government that the railways in our state must be built before a certain month and year, otherwise we will be independent.  .  It can be said that steam locomotives, compared to horse-drawn carriages, are definitely a huge leap forward in development.  Railway is deeply valued by people for its advantages such as speed, convenience and economy.  It is also one of the important representatives of the industrial revolution.  The importance of roads has been made clear to everyone, and railways, an economical and convenient means of transportation, definitely far surpass horse-drawn carriages in terms of carrying capacity and economy.
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