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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 15: The birth of tragedy, the strong will to power

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    Nietzsche's first book "The Birth of Tragedy: The Soul from Music" is different from the Enlightenment tradition's view that ancient Greek civilization is noble, simple, elegant and magnificent. Nietzsche describes ancient Greek civilization as two unique factions  The constant struggle between the Apollonians and the Dionysians.  all in

    In Nietzsche¡¯s view, Apollo is (principled individualism). With his elegance, calmness, and emphasis on appearance, human beings can immediately distinguish themselves from the simple nature.

    Dionysus represents drunkenness, irrationality, and inhumanity. Nietzsche also shows here that he was influenced by the concept of irrational elements dominating human creativity proposed by Schwarz.

    Describe how the Apollonians dominated Western Ming thought after Socrates, and propose German Romanticism (especially represented by Richard and Wagner) as a possible way to revive the Dionysians in order to save Europe's  change.

    When "The Birth of Tragedy" was first published, it was fiercely criticized by classical calligraphers and others.  By 1886 Nietzsche also had reservations about the book, calling it an intolerable bookpoorly written, dull, embarrassing, and crazy.

    Breaking through the traditional view that knowledge is an end in itself, "An Untimely Examination" Nietzsche proposes an alternative way of reading history, arguing that living human life is the main target of concern, and describing how this concept can improve the health of a society.

    Proposes a set of criticisms of the principles of classical humanism.  While criticizing historicism (the belief that human beings are created through history), Nietzsche also criticized the idea that people can use objective concepts to understand the human body, because the reason why people live in the world is purely because they are influenced by their subjectivity.  drive.

    Discuss the possibility of reviving Germanization with Schwarz's philosophical thoughts.  Nietzsche specifically pointed out the individualism, integrity, determination, and joy in Schwarh's thoughts, although Schwarh also had obvious pessimism.

    After studying the psychological conditions of Richard and Wagner, we originally came to a more negative conclusion, which did not reflect the deep friendship between him and Wagner at that time.  Therefore, Nietzsche did not publish it at first, and later revised it to a more positive evaluation.  Nonetheless, this essay foresaw future conflicts and schisms between Nietzsche and Wagner.

    "Human, Too Human" begins to show a complete positivist tendency.

    The writing style is that it rarely proposes a constructive philosophical system. These works are compiled from hundreds of aphorisms, sometimes only one sentence, sometimes as long as one or two pages.

    The main content is to expose many false assumptions rather than to explain these assumptions, although Nietzsche also used some of his ideas in many arguments: using positivism and the concept of the will to power as a means of explaining problems.  Although the concept of will to power had not yet developed maturely at this time.

    In "Morning Glow: Reflections on Moral Prejudices," Nietzsche reduces the importance of hedonism in driving human behavior and instead emphasizes the role of the feeling of power.

    The relativist viewpoint is both moral and philosophical, and the criticism of Christianity has also matured.  The aphorisms written by Nietzsche in this book are quite clear, calm, and have a consistent style. Nietzsche's book seems to present a unique experience to readers rather than trying to persuade readers to accept any point of view.

    "The Science of Happiness" is the largest and most complete book.  Nietzsche continued to write in an aphoristic style, and the book also contains a greater number of verses than any other work.

    The theme is to celebrate the joy of life and bring the joy of aesthetics into life in a relaxed philosophical style (the title of the book is derived from the dialect of Provence, France - representing the art of poetry).

    He proposed the theory of eternal reincarnation as an example, purely based on a person's life to consider what actions a person should take.

    It is different from the life after death advocated by Christian tradition-that is, people can sacrifice their current desires in exchange for long-term spiritual peace and joy.  One of the concepts that attempts to replace religious tradition with naturalism and aesthetics.

    "Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Everyone and for No One" is Nietzsche's most famous and important work.

    The writing format is unique, using a philosophical novel style writing method, similar to the style of the New Testament and Plato's dialogues.  It is also quite similar to the tone of Pre-Socratic philosophical works, which often use natural phenomena as a means of rhetoric and storytelling.

    Frequently refers to various traditions of Western studies and philosophy, explaining and discussing issues in these traditions.  Using the character of Zarathustra (the founding prophet of Zoroastrianism) as a medium, he traveled around giving philosophical lectures.  Describes his journey and the responses of various audiences to his philosophy.

    These audiences??Reaction (like other Bildungsromans) can be seen as a commentary on Zarathustra's (and even Nietzsche's) philosophy.

    These characteristics, coupled with the ambiguity and contradictory nature of the arguments in the book, ultimately made the book popular with the reading public, but also made the book quite difficult to be analyzed by academic circles (perhaps this was Nietzsche's original intention). Therefore, the book also became a prominent figure in philosophy.  has been underappreciated by scholars (especially the analytic philosophy tradition in English-speaking countries).  It was not until the latter half of the 20th century that widespread interest in the book and Nietzsche's unique writing style of mixing fiction and philosophy arose.

    In this book, Nietzsche formally proposed the theory of eternal recurrence and used the word Superman for the first time.  Nietzsche used the theory of the Superman in all his subsequent works.

    "Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to the Philosophy of the Future" Nietzsche defined the conditions that true philosophy should have: imagination, self-assertion, danger, creativity, and value creation-others he regarded as incidental conditions.

    Questions some important assumptions in the philosophical tradition, such as the concepts of self-awareness, knowledge, truth, and free will often used by many philosophical schools.

    Criticizing these traditional concepts as lacking sufficient evidence, Nietzsche proposed power will (power) to explain human behavior. In the book, Nietzsche proposed his view of life and believed that it was beyond good and evil, denying the existence of human beings in the world.  A set of universal morals.

    In his well-known Master-Slave Morality, Nietzsche re-evaluated the humanist tradition that has dominated Western philosophy for a long time.  He argued that even if he exerts domination, possession or even harm to the weak, no one is necessarily qualified to criticize him.

    Nietzsche implemented the arguments of moral relativism and perspectivism in this book.

    "Genealogy of Morals" focuses on the development and tradition of moral concepts, trying to prove that the original origin of contemporary moral concepts has no moral basis at all, and that cruel power struggles are the main role in shaping morality.

    Compared with other works, this book is more inclined to the style of philosophical discussion in terms of writing form and tone, so this book has become the main source of analysis of Nietzsche's thoughts in the philosophical community.

    "The Wagner Affair: A Musician's Problem" acknowledges that Wagner's works are extremely outstanding musical achievements, but he criticizes them as nothing more than the product of cultural decline and nihilism, and therefore only a symbol of weakness.

    This book shows that Nietzsche was also a very sharp music critic, and also laid the foundation for his later thinking on the quality of art and the role that art will play in the future of mankind.

    "Twilight of the Idols: How to Philosophize with a Hammer" is a highly controversial book.  The title of the book is taken from Ragnarok, the fourth part of Wagner's opera of the same name, The Ring of the Nibelungen.

    Criticisms of many major philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Kant, and other Christian philosophers) are restated and summarized.

    In the chapter Socrates¡¯ Question, it is pointed out that no one can calculate the value of life. Anyone who tries to calculate the value of human life has only proved that he has the tendency to deny life or affirm life.

    It is believed that the development of philosophy after Socrates was degenerate because those philosophers attempted to use dialectics as a tool for self-defense, and the authority of traditional thought was destroyed.

    He also criticized the Germanization at that time as being quite simple and naive, and criticized many major French, British, and Italian representatives.

    The other side in contrast to these degenerate representatives.  It is Caesar, Napoleon, Goethe, Dostoevsky, Thucydides, and the sophists of the ancient Greek period that Nietzsche proposed. Nietzsche believes that the latter are much healthier and stronger than the former.  .

    The book ends by telling readers that it is embarking on an important project to re-evaluate all human values, and mentions that the enlightenment of ancient Rome was much higher in Nietzsche's view than that of ancient Greece.

    "Antichrist: The Curse of Christianity" launched a polemical criticism of Christian morality. Later, the image of Nietzsche as an anti-Christian fanatic was mainly derived from this book.

    In a satirical writing style, he expressed his disgust and hatred for the slave morality in Christian ethics that replaced the noble ancient Roman morality.

    ?Cite some elements of Christianity - such as the Gospels, Paul, martyrs, priests, and crusaders, and think that these are part of the resentment of slave morality, and that Christianity attempts to promote weakness and unhealthy at the expense of those who are stronger morals.  Proposing an Anti-Christ Morality to Transform the Future: A Revaluation of All Values.

    "Look!  "This Man" is an autobiography with a very unique style. Some of the chapters are even titled "Why I am so wise, why I am so smart, and why I wrote suchGood book.

    The autobiography mainly describes the development of Nietzsche¡¯s philosophical thoughts.  rather than Nietzsche's personal life.

    The book highlights Nietzsche's plan to study various philosophical traditions, but less mentions his theory of the split between philosophy and learning, as well as the conflict between philosophy and personal characteristics, body and soul.

    He tried to relate many of his philosophical thoughts to his physical appearance, occasionally describing himself in extremely modest comments.  It even takes on a tongue-in-cheek or self-flattering tone (which also satirizes Socrates' modesty).

    After describing himself, Nietzsche claimed that all the virtues in the world had been present in him (including the early death of his father and his extremely poor eyesight - to prove his resignation), and he also briefly commented on all his own virtues.  s work.

    The last chapter is called Why I am a destiny, Nietzsche tells the readers at the end of the book.  Eternal recurrence and the revaluation of all values ??were at the center of his philosophical research.

    "Nietzsche against Wagner: From the Archives of a Psychologist" is a review of Wagner and his music.  These pieces illustrate the aesthetic differences between Nietzsche and Wagner and chronicle how Wagner's music was gradually corrupted by Christianity, Aryan supremacy, and anti-Semitism.

    Over the years.  Nietzsche wrote a large number of manuscripts and notes, especially describing the development of his philosophical thoughts.  After Nietzsche's death, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth became the legal heir to these archives. She compiled these manuscripts and published them under the name The Will to Power.

    Later research found that Elizabeth had made many changes to the book, including extremely selective draft selection and tampering with the order of paragraphs. Therefore, the current mainstream academic circles believe that the book compiled by Elizabeth is revisionist.  The tampered version was just that she used her brother's works as a medium to introduce her own political views. Nietzsche always hated having his manuscripts tampered with in this way when he was alive.
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