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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 30: Hegel, syllogism, the spirit of thesis and contra

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    In 1807, Hegel published his first work, Phenomenology of Spirit (ph?nomenologiedesgeistes).  "The Phenomenology of Spirit" is a great conceptual journey, leading us from the most basic concept of human consciousness to the most all-encompassing and complex concept of human consciousness.

    Its purpose is to obtain truth¡ªabsolute truth¡ªbut absolute does not represent finality and completion, and truth does not represent fact.

    The philosophical truth pursued by Hegel is an all-encompassing perspective, and the proud term absolute is actually a humble attitude under macro philosophy: realizing that we are all a small part of the macro context.

    An individual¡¯s contribution to knowledge and truth is never decisive; on the contrary, it is always partial, indirect and one-sided.

    The core concern of the Phenomenology of Spirit is the nature of spirit¡ªthe concept of the universal soul that encompasses all humans and nature.

    The conclusion of the Phenomenology of Spirit lies in an all-encompassing spirit in which not all disagreements are resolved, all disputes resolved, all questions answered; rather, no matter how serious the disagreement,  How fierce the disputes, how difficult the questions are, are all united in this spirit.

    Napoleon longed to unify the world, but it was Hegel who truly unified the world - of course, in theory.  Nonetheless, the all-encompassing idea of ??consciousness is the first step toward the unity of the real world.

    Hegel also published works such as "Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Logic" and "Principles of Legal Philosophy" during his lifetime.

    Other works on the philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics and history of philosophy were compiled after his death based on the notes taken by his students during his lectures.

    Hegel¡¯s work is renowned for its breadth and depth of coverage.  He has built a vast system for understanding the history of philosophy and the world in which we live.

    ¡ª¡ªIn Hegel, the world is usually seen as a historical process, in which each successive movement appears to resolve the contradictions in the previous movement.

    ??For example, he believed that the French Revolution was the first time in human history that true freedom was introduced into Western society.  But precisely because it is the absolute first time, it is also absolutely radical: after the revolution has eliminated its opposite, the violence evoked by the revolution cannot calm itself down.  The ending is that the revolution with nowhere to go finally reaps its own consequences - the hard-won freedom is destroyed by the brutal reign of terror.

    However, history always moves forward in self-learning of mistakes: it is this experience, and only after such experience, that a group of free citizens can both exercise the duties of rational government and realize  Only with the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality can a constitutional government emerge.

    In the preface of "Philosophy of History", Hegel elaborated: Philosophy shows that consciousness exists on its infinite number of concepts.  In other words, consciousness exists in free and infinite forms, and the opposite abstract introspective form is only a reflection of it.

    Consciousness is free, independent, individual, and belongs only to the spirit.

    So consciousness as a separate concept consists of two parts, both of which have infinite forms.  One part is principled, and the other part is a specific reflection of each historical event.

    So he also said: There are two aspects to consciousness in the usual sense. On the one hand, it is the overall concept of things, and on the other hand, it is the abstract concept of specific reactions to things.

    He also said: Everyone¡¯s self-awareness is different, and their reactions to things are also different, which deviates from the principled awareness, but for a normal person.  There is a limit to this deviation, which depends on his normal state and his respect for God.

    To understand the extent of this concept belongs to the category of metaphysics.

    Therefore, although Hegel's language is difficult to understand, he elaborated: Metaphysics must study the mechanism of how propositions and antitheses are connected in each event, and therefore must compare examples in each historical event with their  prototypes to understand what they have in common and where they differ.

    Hegel had an organized and teleological conception of human society.  The language of his writings is rich and difficult to understand, making it very confusing for modern readers.

    Not only that, his ideas are also opposite to the existential philosophy and the concept of individual rights popular in modern intellectual circles.

    Almost every school of thought has affirmed or criticized his teachings.

    Historians divide those influenced by Hegel into two hostile camps, the Hegelian right and the left.

    The representatives of the Hegelian right are his students at the Humboldt University in Berlin, who support the religious orthodoxy of the gospel and the political conservatism of the post-Napoleonic era.

    Hegelian left, sometimes calledHegelian in 1999.  They inherited the revolutionary elements of Hegel's teachings, advocated atheism in religion, and advocated liberal democracy in the political field, including Ludwig, Andres, Feuerbach, and Marx and Engels in their youth.

    In the 1830s and 1840s.  These young Hegelian disciples often met and argued in the Siebel Bar in Berlin. The atmosphere here created thinkers who would have a great influence on the next 150 years, forming atheism, humanism, communism, anarchism, and  The basic concept of egoism.

    But almost no Hegelian left claims to be a follower of Hegel, and several openly criticize Hegel's philosophy. However, this historical distinction is still used in modern academic philosophy. Hegel  Leftist criticism of Hegel led to a whole new field of literature on Hegel and Hegelian theory.

    For contemporary school students, Hegel's dialectics is divided into three stages for convenience, thesis (for example, the Great Revolution in French history), antithesis (the terrifying stage that followed the Revolution) and synthesis (the constitutional guarantee of free citizens).  state).

    This division was not proposed by Hegel himself. It was first seen in Fichte¡¯s simulated description of the connection between the individual and the whole.

    Hegel scholars did not realize that this syllogism would conceal the true arguments of Hegel's theory, although Hegel once said:

    Two basic elements must be taken into account: first, free will as the absolute and final goal; second, the means of realization, that is to say the subjective aspects of knowledge and consciousness, including life, movement and activity.  (thesis and antithesis), but he did not use the term synthesis, but whole.

    ??Thus we understand overall morality and the state of achieving freedom, and the subsequent subjective integration of these two elements.

    Hegel used this dialectical system to explain the history of philosophy, science, art, politics, and religion, but modern critics have pointed out that Hegel often modified historical reality to fit his dialectical model.

    Karl and Popper pointed out in his "Open Society and Its Enemies" that the Hegelian system decorated the rule of William III. He believed that Prussia in the 1830s was an ideal society.

    Herbert Marcuse, in his "Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory," criticized Hegel as a defender of state power, paving the way for the rise of totalitarianism in the 20th century.

    ??In fact, Hegel did not defend these forms of power, but only believed that all that existed were reasonable. Because these powers exist, they are also reasonable.

    Arthur and Schopenhauer despised Hegel's interpretation of history and believed that his works were obscurantist and pseudo-philosophical. Many philosophers of the British School also followed this view.

    Hegel's philosophy began to revive in the 20th century, mainly due to several reasons. First, Hegel's philosophy was discovered to be the source of Marxist philosophy, and Hegel's view of history began to be revived, and Hegel's dialectics  The importance of "History and Class Consciousness" has been widely recognized. The most important work that brought Hegel's theory back into the Marxist classics is "History and Class Consciousness" by George Luk¨¢cs, which set off a wave of re-understanding and evaluation of Hegel's works.  Hot, the Hegelian revival also sparked interest in Hegel's early writings.

    Modern American philosophers are also obviously influenced by Hegel.  (To be continued.)
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