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Volume 3: With a blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 55: After the Buddha attained enlightenment

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    After the Buddha attained enlightenment, he began to preach in Sarnath and preached the Four Noble Truths to five bhikkhus such as Kauchenru. This was the beginning of the monastic Sangha.

    Later, Yasa, the elder of Paranai Kingdom, joined the Sangha with four other friends and became disciples of the Buddha. Later, fifty of his friends also joined. The Sangha expanded here and began to have the support of lay people.  Yasa's parents became the first Upasaka and Upasika in the Sangha.

    After hearing the teachings of Bhikkhu Ma Sheng, Shariputra and Moggallana led 200 disciples to join the Sangha. Later, the three brothers Kassapa led a thousand disciples to join. These 1,255 disciples became the backbone of the Buddha's Sangha, also known as Chang.  Follow the crowd.

    The Buddhist Order took this as its center and gradually expanded its teachings.  King Suddhodana heard the news about the Buddha and sent his attendants to invite the Buddha to return to his country to preach.

    The aristocratic children of the Sakya clan, such as Venerable Puruna, Ananda, Devadatta, Ananda and others, joined the Sangha one after another.  After that, the Dharma lived in the world for forty-five years and converted many disciples, among whom the famous ones include Maha Kassapa and others.  In order to save all sentient beings, he traveled all over India, focusing on the three kingdoms of Magadha, Kosala and Basha. He once preached sermons at the Gion Abode in the Acropolis of Kosala for 25 years.

    Primitive Buddhism believes that Sakyamuni Buddha turned the wheel of Dharma in Sarnath, Parana, and preached the Four Noble Truths, showing the rotation (first rotation), teaching the rotation (the second rotation), realizing the rotation (the third rotation), and preaching the Four Noble Truths three times.  , called the Three Turns of Falun.

    Mahayana Buddhism believes that Sakyamuni Buddha first spoke the Avatamsaka Sutra when he first turned the wheel of Dharma, but no one could understand it, so he started with the Four Noble Truths (the origin of suffering and the path to destruction); the most representative classic at this stage is "  The Agama Sutra.

    The second turn of the formless Dharma wheel, through the recognition of emptiness, troubles, life and death can be eradicated. From form to all-pervading wisdom and emptiness, all dharmas in the world have no self-nature; the most representative classic at this stage  They are the "Great Prajna Sutra" and the "Small Prajna Sutra".

    Some sentient beings do not understand the profound emptiness, so the Buddha explained the self-nature separately.  The third chapter of the "Explanation of the Deep Tantric Sutra", "Consciousness Only Fang Guang Zhu Sutra", "Tathagata Sutra" and "Wonderful Dharma Lotus Sutra", which is good at distinguishing the Dharma wheel, explain in detail that all dharmas are manifested only by consciousness, and the nature of the mind is only clear and unique.  Know, with the brightness of original nature.

    When the Buddha was eighty years old, he sat in the rain and settled down in the city of Vaishali. He announced that he would pass into parinirvana three months later. He walked northwest with his disciples, and then ate blacksmith Cunda.  The rare world treasure of the world, the sandalwood tree ear, broke out seriously (the Southern Tradition records it as dysentery. The Northern Tradition records it as back pain).

    Sakyamuni was thirsty and asked Ananda to fetch him some water.  After Shakyamuni finished drinking, he continued to move forward with his disciples.  Walking to the bank of the Kalleniyevati River, the Buddha informed his disciples that they were about to enter Nirvana and ordered Ananda to lay down a bedding (recorded as a rope bed in the Zaagama Sutra) between two sal trees.  With his head facing north, the Buddha lay down on his right side with his left foot on his right foot. His disciples were waiting around to listen to the Buddha's last teachings.

    At night, Subhadra went to seek enlightenment from the Buddha and became the last disciple of the Buddha.  The Buddha passed away under the twin sal trees near the city of Kusinara.  The cremated relics were brought back by the eight kings of Magadha, King Ajasa and the Sakyamuni clan, to build a stupa (relic stupa) for worship.

    When the Buddha was still alive and teaching the Dharma, he had ten famous disciples. They were: Maha Kassapa (the first in the Dharma), Moggallana (the first in supernatural power), Puruna (the first in the Dharma), and Subhuti (the first in the explanation of emptiness).  , Shariputra (the first in wisdom), Rahula (the first in esoteric practice), Ananda (the first in learning), Upali (the first in upholding the rules), Kachanyan (the first in discussion), Anirudu  Tuo (the first in the heavenly eye).

    Among the Bhikshunis, the bright ones include the Bhikshunis of Great Love, the Bhikshunis of Lotus Color, etc.

    Living peacefully in the rain after the Buddha's Nirvana.  Mahakasyapa led five hundred Arhats to gather outside the city of Rajagaha to recite the sutras; Upali, who was the first in observing precepts, recited the Vinaya, and Ananda, who was the first in learning, recited the Sutras.

    With public approval, this is the first gathering of Buddhism.  Since then, the disciples have successively collected and sorted out the words and deeds of the Buddha throughout his life.  Through many collections, the Tripitaka of Sutras, Vinaya, and Commentaries was formed.

    ??Buddhism spread throughout India during the time of King Asoka of the Mauryan Empire of India and spread to Sri Lanka, Jindi and other places.  After the twelfth century AD, Buddhism became extinct in India. In Hinduism, there is a saying that Sakyamuni is the ninth incarnation of Vishnu.  With the increasing spread of modern Buddhism, Buddhism has gradually become a world-wide religion.

    Regarding the teachings of Sakyamuni, later generations have many different opinions, but both Mahayana Buddhism and Buddhist sects agree on the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, the Twelve Causes and Conditions, and the Thirty-Seven  Taoism, etc. are the original teachings of Sakyamuni.

    Before the time of Buddha, the belief left by the ancient white Indians was called Brahmanism.  They often call upon God for assistance.  After victory, thank the gods for their help.

    They are not afraid of death and believe that after dying in battle, they can ascend to heaven with glory.  Therefore, ancient Brahmanism is full ofThere are many sacrificial rituals and hymns in praise of God.

    These rituals and hymns are included in the Vedas, and Sanskrit is the only language used in religious ceremonies.  The person responsible for religious rituals is called a Brahmin.  The warrior class responsible for fighting is called Kshatriya.

    But in the local religion believed by the residents of southern India, their representative is the Samana.  Samanas advocate monkhood and asceticism and live alone in the wilderness. They do not get married and have children while practicing Taoism. They sit still all day long in order to enter meditation.

    They do not believe in the gods recorded in the Vedas and their ascension to heaven, but they believe in reincarnation and believe that what they do in this life (called karma) will affect the good or bad of the next life.

    The only way to escape from reincarnation is through asceticism.  The Muni mentioned in the Rig Veda is also a type of Samana.

    In the seventh and eighth centuries BC, the Upanishad faith emerged. It was different from Brahmanic faith and was influenced by the Samana tradition. They believed in reincarnation and karma and advocated meditation and asceticism. However, they also believed in ancient Brahman scriptures and pursued Brahma.  I am one.

    The belief in the Upanishads is taught secretly and is mainly spread among the Kshatriya class. The latter are dissatisfied with the Brahmin class and believe that religious privileges cannot be exclusive to them.  In later generations, two schools of Samkhya and Yoga were gradually formed among the six Brahman schools of belief.

    Before the rise of Buddhism, India had many different religious schools, but they basically belonged to the two traditions of Brahman and Samana.

    The Buddha once learned the concentration of nothingness from Alan Kalam, and the concentration of non-fei from Yutou Lanfu. He also joined the ascetic ascetics and ate only one piece of wheat a day.

    Therefore, at the beginning of the rise of Buddhism, it was also considered to be a branch of the Samana group.  In terms of doctrine, Buddhism and Jainism have many similarities, which is also because they both belong to the Samana tradition.

    The main area of ??activity of Sakyamuni Buddha is between the kingdoms of Kosala, Magadha and Vaishali on both sides of the Ganges River, so the language he used to preach is likely to be Magadha, a dialect in eastern India.

    After the Buddha entered Nirvana, the language used by his disciples when compiling Buddhist scriptures should also be Magadha common language; however, with the gradual expansion of the area where Buddhism spreads, under the influence of various dialects, the Buddhist language cannot remain pure and single.

    The dialects of various languages ??are also evolving. Scholars say that the Magadha colloquial language later evolved into the semi-Magadha language. After the discovery of Ashoka¡¯s cliff edict and stone pillar carvings, scholars began to have a better understanding of the Magadha colloquial language.

    The theory of Buddhism is about liberation, and language is only a tool rather than a purpose. Therefore, the Buddha refused his disciples¡¯ request to use Sanskrit as the unified missionary language according to the Brahmin tradition, and allowed his disciples to recite the teachings of the Buddha in their own dialects.

    The early Buddhist scriptures were not recited in Sanskrit. It was only later that the sutras and sutras were mixed with Sanskrit and a Sanskrit version appeared.  The earliest extant Buddhist scriptures, Gandhara Buddhist manuscripts, were written between the first and third centuries BC. There are no historical records of Siddhartha during his lifetime or for more than a hundred years after his death.
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