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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 57: Poetry, etiquette, and music

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    For Confucius, trustworthiness is not only a personal virtue, but also a fundamental political principle.  : Since ancient times, there has been death, and people cannot stand without faith.

    ??Government by virtue, Confucius believed: Tao is governed by government, and justice is governed by punishment, so that the people can avoid it and be shameless.  The way is based on virtue, the order is based on etiquette, and there is shame and dignity.

    Confucius deeply felt the hidden social worries of the people being free and shameless, so he advocated using moral ethics to educate the people, thoroughly cleanse people's hearts, and inspire people's kindness. This is the right way to manage the world and benefit the people.

    Confucius¡¯ educational philosophy and teaching reality There are four items in Confucius¡¯ teaching: conduct, loyalty, and trustworthiness.

    , refers to ancient offerings such as poems, books, rituals and music; Xing refers to virtue; Loyalty refers to doing one¡¯s best; Faith refers to honesty and no deception.

    Confucius attached great importance to ancient offerings, especially poetry, rituals, and music.  He believes that these three knowledges are very important for the development of human character.

    Confucius said: He thrives in poetry, establishes himself in etiquette, and succeeds in music.  Poetry can arouse people's desire for good and evil; etiquette can help people advance and retreat appropriately, so that they can establish themselves in the world; music can help people develop a perfect personality.

    ¡° Never tired of learning and teaching, Confucius became China¡¯s greatest sage teacher.  He advocated teaching without distinction, and had as many as three thousand students. From the book "The Analects of Confucius", it seems that what he taught his students was only the answers to the daily questions in life, and the clarification of the necessary conditions for people to get along with each other.

    "The way is reasonable and ordinary, easy to know and easy to practice; however, if you use it on the body, you will cultivate yourself; if you use it on the family, the family will be harmonious; if you use it on the country, the country will be governed; if you use it on the world, the world will be peaceful.

    Confucius had three thousand disciples, among whom seventy-two were proficient in the six arts, and were called seventy-two sages.  Confucius had ten outstanding disciples, known as the Ten Philosophers of Confucius:

    Those who are outstanding in virtue include: Yan Hui (Yan Yuan), Min Sun (Min Ziqian), Ran Geng (Boniu), and Ran Yong (Zhong Gong).

    Those who are outstanding in political affairs include: Ran Qiu (Ran You) and Zhong Yu (Zi Lu).

    Those who are outstanding in speech are: Zaiyu (Zaiwo) and Duanmuci (Zigong).

    Those who are outstanding in learning include: Yan Yan (Ziyou) and Bu Shang (Zixia).

    In addition to the ten philosophers, those who are outstanding in learning include Zhuan Sunshi (Zi Zhang), Zeng Shen (Zi Yu), Tantai Mieming (Zi Yu), Yuan Xian (Zi Si), Gongye Chang (Zi Chang), Fan Xu (Zi Yu)  Fan Chi), Youruo (Ziyou), Gongxi Chi (Zihua).

    Confucius¡¯ disciples and his disciples compiled his teachings into The Analects, which is an important contribution to the study of Confucius¡¯ thoughts.  The Book of Rites, which was finalized in the Han Dynasty, also recorded Confucius' thoughts (such as "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean").  There is also a book called "Confucius' Family Sayings" that records Confucian thought. Traditionally, it was considered to be mostly apocryphal, but in recent years it has gradually gained the attention of academic circles.

    During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined the "Analects of Confucius" and the "Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" from the "Book of Rites" with the "Mencius" that reflected the thoughts of the Yasheng Mencius to write the "Collected Commentary on the Four Books", which is called the Four Books.

    The Four Books, together with the five classics "Shi" (Book of Songs), "Shu" (Book of Documents), "Li" (Book of Rites), "Yi" (Book of Changes), and "Spring and Autumn Annals", are collectively known as the Four Books and Five Classics, and are the core classics of Confucianism.

    The Qin Dynasty used Legalism to govern the world, while Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty promoted the methods of Huang and Lao and governed the country by inaction.  During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu proposed the elimination of hundreds of schools of thought and the publication of the Six Classics, which established and consolidated the central position of Confucius' theory in the process of Chineseization.  The orthodox status of the Six Classics was restored, and Confucius also became a representative figure of Sinicization.

    Shao Yong pointed out that Confucius praised "Yi" from Xi and Xuan, prefaced "Book" from Yao and Shun, and deleted "Shi" from "Yi" and "Wu".  The Spring and Autumn Annals were compiled from Huan and Xia.  Descending from Xi and Xuan, one is the ancestor of the three emperors; descending from Yao and Shun, one is the descendant of the five emperors; descending from Wu and Wu, one is the descendant of the three kings.  From Huan, descending, Sun Wubo also.

    This means that Confucius compiled the Six Classics and synthesized the three emperors, five emperors, three kings and five uncles since then.  The so-called collection of great achievements.

    Liu Yimou, a master of Chinese traditional culture, regards Confucius as the center of Sinicization. The transformation of the first few thousand years was transmitted by Confucius; the transformation of the following thousands of years was initiated by Confucius; there is no Confucius.  There is no Sinicization.

    Qian Mu also believed that Confucius was the first saint in Chinese history.  Before Confucius, Chinese history must have accumulated for more than 2,500 years, and Confucius gathered all its achievements.  After Confucius, China's historicization continued to evolve for more than 2,500 years.  And Confucius opened his new tradition.  Over the past five thousand years, this has been an indicator of the course of Chinese history.  Almost no one can compare with Confucius as the person who had the most profound influence and made the greatest contribution to the establishment of the Sinicization ideal.

    Zhu Xi, a Confucian of the Song Dynasty, once sighed and said: If heaven does not give birth to Zhongni, eternity will be like a long night. "Zhu Ziyu Lei, Volume 93".  Lecture 2 of the Three People's Principles and People's Livelihood Principles written by Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of China: This is the true people's livelihood principle, and it is the world of great harmony that Confucius hoped for.

    Emperors of all dynasties have worshiped Confucius since Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty.  "Book of Han, Chronicles of Emperor Gaodi": After crossing Lu, Confucius was worshiped as Tai Lao.  Confucius was worshiped in schools since the Ming Dynasty.

    ? ?Confucius and non-Confucius Confucius advocated the ideal of a state of etiquette and righteousness. In the politics of later generations, it gained the status of legal authority through the differentiation of scholar-bureaucrats. However, the exclusive respect of Confucianism has also become a means of restraining intellectuals by the political powers of the past dynasties. The most typical one is the Yuan Dynasty. On the one hand,  Relegating Confucian scholars to the ninth class and beggars to the tenth class), on the one hand, and on the other hand, proclaiming Confucius king, clearly shows the conservative motives behind the use of respect for Confucius by the previous regimes to suppress freedom of thought.

    This gave rise to non-Confucian trends of thought. From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties until modern Western trends of thought and other impulses, in order to fight for academic freedom, intellectuals continued to generate great resistance.

    The new development of Confucius¡¯s remarks in modern times is New Confucianism, also known as New Confucianism. It is a new Confucian school that emerged under the conditions of the collision and blending of Chinese and Western Ming Dynasty after the introduction of Western Ming Dynasty into China.

    From the establishment of the People's Republic of China to the end of the Great Revolution of Mainland China, New Confucianism was in a silent stage. During this stage, not only did New Confucian research in mainland China go silent, but overseas New Confucianism also made few achievements.

    After the Great Revolution, it was the stage of recovery and development of New Confucianism.  This phase is still in progress.  The main feature of the recovery stage is that some past Neo-Confucian works have re-entered people's horizons, and academic circles have begun to reflect on and discuss the merits and demerits of Neo-Confucianism.

    If members of society generally enjoy the rights to survival and happiness, there is no need for rebellion and rebellion; if members of society generally recognize the moral order of society and abide by moral norms that suit their specific circumstances, there is no moral basis for rebellion (that is, no ideological basis).

    If members of society neither have the need to rebel nor have the consciousness to rebel, society can maintain long-term peace and order.  Therefore, Confucianism is a social governance strategy and social management theory that transcends social forms and class forms.

    "Confucianism once served as the mainstream ideology of certain vassal states in China's feudal society in certain periods, and was also the mainstream ideology of China's entire imperial era - this historical fact fully illustrates this point.

    The relationship between benevolence and propriety is that benevolence and propriety are one.  If you don¡¯t talk about benevolence and only focus on etiquette, etiquette will not be generally recognized by members of the society, and you will be opposed; if you don¡¯t talk about etiquette and only focus on benevolence, and social members are not bound by morality, ideological anarchy will lead to real-life chaos.  Anarchy.

    Therefore, benevolence and propriety are inseparable.  Social development will cause people's moral concepts to change, and some specific contents of etiquette need to be changed and adjusted according to the changes of the times. Such changes and adjustments are the embodiment of benevolence.

    The Confucian system of benevolence and etiquette includes the content of law, and etiquette and law should be well integrated.  The function of etiquette is mainly to prevent crime, and the function of law is mainly to punish crime.  The system of etiquette and law, with etiquette as its body and law as its function, is an important guarantee for achieving long-term social stability.

    The Confucian thought that the people value the king and despise the king shows that Confucianism does not place the king at the center of its own doctrine, but puts the people (that is, the masses of the people) at the center of its own doctrine.

    The Confucian thought that harmony is the most important thing in rituals shows that the highest realm and highest goal of rituals is to create harmony between people and the harmony of the whole society.

    Mutual coordination and mutual respect between people of different statuses.  Therefore, Confucianization is a kind of harmonization.

    Filial piety and brotherhood are benevolence, self-denial and propriety are benevolence, benevolence loves others, etc. Philosopher Li Ming believes that: Contrary to Laozi, Confucius placed morality after benevolence and righteousness, which also ignored human morality.

    , and I firmly believe that a person who is a filial son at home will also be a loyal minister in the court.  In fact, this is wishful thinking, not a true inference.  In this way, only the world of the family (royal family) can be achieved, which will have a profound impact on the overall consciousness.

    The definition of loyalty is to establish oneself while establishing others, and to achieve oneself while reaching others. Bao Pengshan: The problem is that everyone is different.  People have the same desires, but also different hobbies. Simply thinking that what you want others must also want, and therefore must let others want it, is to impose it on others, which is a bad thing done with good intentions.

    I have never seen anyone who loves virtue as much as he loves sex.  It is found in "The Analects of Confucius Zihan" and "The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong". The original interpretation is: people should be as virtuous as they are lustful.  Produced the controversial explanation that the world is as black as crows: Confucius revealed the universality or general law of men's lust in the comparison of virtue and lust.  This kind of interpretation is kitsch and immoral, but it has historical evidence, and the Confucian circles are embarrassed and avoid talking about it.

    The Qing Dynasty invaded and the Ming Dynasty perished. The Manchu Qing Dynasty bloody forced people to shave their heads and change clothes, which destroyed the Hanfu culture that had lasted for thousands of years since the time of the Yellow Emperor.

    During the Great Revolution of Hua Zhi, I mentioned that I approved of Qin Shihuang and disapproved of Confucius.  By 1974, mainland China launched a movement to criticize Lin Piao and Confucius.

    Unfortunately, this movement is only an external form and has not made any real internal innovation. Therefore, Li Ming said: In fact, it continues to inherit Confucius and his Confucian values ??of kinship, respecting elders, and continues to adhere to it.  Confucius and his Confucianism advocated the politics of lying and silence.

    Confucius in various parts of mainland ChinaAs a result, many cultural relics and monuments were greatly damaged. Even the tomb of Confucius was blown open, the stele of King Xuan, the most holy teacher of Dacheng, was smashed, and the temple stele and clay statues of Confucius Temple were destroyed.

    After the Ming Dynasty, all the graves of Duke Yansheng were dug up, and some people even hung the exhumed corpses on trees.  There are also works that slander Confucius, such as "The Sinful Life of Confucius".  Most foreign media believe that the official wants to rebuild China's social order, marking an important reflection on Confucius by the Chinese people.
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