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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 113: Fur, originated from the human race

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    The freedom of the powerful and the way of the great god canceled each other out. King Xiaoyao, who was slowly falling, said: Brother, your use of the powerful is truly unparalleled in the world.  *Literature Hall*

    Mao Zhedong smiled slightly and said: The one with power is the king, the strong, the free, the one who knows himself and the enemy, tell me, little brother Xiaoyao, what do you think about the source of power?

    Walking towards the space-time pavilion, Xiaoyao King smirked and said freely: "It's superficial, it comes from the superficial explanation of the human race:"

    Those with power also have power within themselves.

    Power is a widespread social phenomenon among humans and one of the core concepts in political science, international relations and international politics.  Let¡¯s talk about politics!

    In the study of political science and international relations, there may be four or more definitions of power:

    Power is the goal pursued by an individual or a country.

    Power is a measure of influence, that is, the content and amount of resources.

    Power as the result of political struggle.

    Power is an expression of the relationship between domination and being dominated.

    Human Mills explained: "Power: the ability to realize one's own will despite opposition."

    Due to the above four definitions, individual researchers have different focus in their research fields, so different literature and scholars may use different definitions.

    For example, fields such as sociology, cultural criticism, and discursive studies may focus on domination relationships.

    Political philosophy focuses on the discussion of the goals pursued by individuals, groups, countries and other units.

    ?International politics focuses on the measurement of the influence of international actors.

    Because power is inherently coercive and unequal, people often equate power with evil.

    But power is also an inevitable means for human society to maintain its operation.  When the legitimacy of power as a force is lost, it often turns into naked violence.

    The Chinese word power comes from the translation of English power.

    Power comes from the Latin potestsa or ia, which is derived from the Latin verb potere, which means "can do something". Power refers to the ability to achieve a certain purpose through the use of will.

    Quan in Chinese means fairness.  The meaning of balance does not have the meaning of ability in English power.  English power is translated as power, which is the attachment of later generations.

    As a universal phenomenon in human society, power has been widely discussed in ancient Eastern and Western philosophical literature.

    In the speeches or works of Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Confucius, Han Fei and others, they have directly or indirectly discussed the elements of power, the evaluation of legitimacy or illegitimate power, and power.  Ethical and practical issues such as acquisition and loss.

    For example, Plato and Aristotle believed that philosophical knowledge or laws formulated by citizens can be sources of political power, controlled by one person, a few oligarchs, or a majority.

    In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius once proposed three power resources for a ruler: enough food, enough soldiers, and people's trust, that is, economic conditions, military strength, and political legitimacy.

    Han Fei defined power resources with the concept of potential, distinguishing between material resources (power created by nature, such as land resources, etc.) and non-material resources (power created by man, such as the advantages and disadvantages of political systems, laws, and ruling strategies), etc.  .

    The rise of modern political science is inseparable from the analysis of power.  American political scientist Lasswell proposed in the 1950s that analyzing power means studying who wins, what is won, when and how is it won?  Theme of.

    American international political scientist Morgenthau also proposed the concept of power as interest in the same year, distinguishing power resources including population, geography, economy, strategy, etc., and asserting that the essence of international politics is the endless pursuit of such resources.  These insights roughly laid the main direction of modern political science research on power.

    in addition.  In sociology, anthropology, psychology, and interdisciplinary schools in the social sciences, such as structuralism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and other theories, power relations are further traced back to the formation of human consciousness and the domination relations derived from language symbols.  .

    For example, primitive patriarchal domination and resistance developed into the modern dichotomy between public and private spheres and the relationship between domination and resistance; the inherent suppression of individual instincts in human civilization and society and the resulting dissatisfaction.

    Another example is the domination of cultural hegemony (sometimes called soft power) formed by the concepts that are forcibly instilled and supported by political and economic forces in discourse discussions.  The above-mentioned studies have expanded the horizons of power research from different perspectives.

    The definition of power in political science focuses on the control and coercion brought about by the inequality between the two parties in power.

    An individual¡¯s compliance with power does not come from fear, but from the legality of rights and the possible punishment that may result from resisting power.

    ¡°But the state¡¯s exercise of power only relies on violence.  Otherwise it will form a tyranny, unable to??Power is stable and society is stable.

    There have always been many debates about the subject with power.  The general view is.  The subject (or carrier, unit) that exercises power can be an individual or a group.

    The largest unit of collective power is the state, and the rationale for the exercise of its power is the theory of sovereignty.  However, from individuals to countries, there are still power units of different sizes, including several organizations and groups with transnational power:

    Official international organizations (such as the United Nations, NATO, ASEAN, the European Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Association of Independent States, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and the defunct Warsaw Pact, etc.)

    ??Multinational enterprises (such as Apple, Microsoft, McDonald's, Boeing, BP, AT&T, ExxonMobil, Hon Hai, General Electric (Strange), Lockheed Martin, etc)

    ??International non-governmental organizations (such as Amnesty International, Reporters Without Borders, European Socialist Party Organization, Greenpeace, Tzu Chi, Red Cross)

    Large international media (such as Time Warner Group, New York Times, BBC, etc.)

    Mainstream religious groups (such as the Catholic Church, American Evangelicals, Jewish Association)

    Large international financial institutions and funds (such as JPMorgan Chase, HSBC).

    Classes, political parties, interest groups, trade unions.

    In international politics.  In many cases, the resources and influence of international organizations and multinational corporations are far greater than those of most small and medium-sized countries.

    For example, during the Asian financial crisis.  The power of transnational hedge funds behind hot money is greater than the central banks of many ASEAN countries.

    The armed strength and political influence of Al Qaeda far exceed that of some small and medium-sized Middle Eastern countries.  Even big countries must be afraid of three points.

    From the perspective of methodology and ontology, some commentators believe that the ultimate carrier of power is still the individual, and groups are only the means and tools for individuals to exercise power, and they have no own power.

    Too much emphasis on groups can easily lead to the myth of collective worship, which dwarfs the status of people but highlights the status of the collective.

    But opponents believe that the operating rules of the group are no longer controllable by individuals in the group, so the group has its own autonomy and initiative.  There is no final conclusion between these two disputes.

    Other commentators believe that although the controlling subject of power is externally represented by the decisions of people or organizations, the traceability of human nature is ultimately reflected in people¡¯s thoughts, thinking, desires, and judgments.

    Therefore, the implementation process of power is ultimately represented by the process of discussion, decision-making, execution, obedience, etc., which gradually amplifies the influence. This process is expressed as power, which in a sense is equivalent to energy.

    Power can also be analyzed as an attribute of force according to the principles of physics. The ultimate power is a kind of power that is the result of a person's own ideal and realistic rational judgment and is strengthened into the consciousness of all subjects.  coercion.

    However, the final source is determined by the various subjective consciousnesses of actual decision-makers.

    Kenneth Galbraith pointed out that the basis of power includes personality, property and organization.

    The foundation of power depends on strong personality, the distribution of power is subject to property, and the control and application of power depend on organizations such as classes, strata, political parties, and associations.
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