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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 61: Sold his soul to the devil

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    Despite this, Yeats still had a fascination with Miss Gunn and wrote the play "Countess Kathleen" based on her.  , Kathleen sold her soul to the devil so that her people could avoid famine and finally go to heaven.  The play was not performed until 1899 and caused many religious and political controversies.

    Finally, in 1903, Miss Gun married Irish nationalist politician John McBride.  During this year, Yeats set out for a lengthy lecture tour in the United States.  During this period he had a brief affair with Olivia Shakespeare.  They met in 1896 but broke up a year later.

    It was also in 1896 that Yeats met Lady Augusta Gregory, introduced by their mutual friend Edward Martin.  Lady Gregory encouraged Yeats to join the nationalist movement and write plays.

    Although Yeats was influenced by French symbolism, it is clear that his creations have a clear and unique Irish style.  This style was reinforced by Yeats's interactions with the younger generation of Irish writers.

    Yeats, Lady Gregory, Martin and some other Irish writers jointly launched the famous Irish Renaissance (or Celtic Renaissance).

    In addition to the literary creations of writers, the translation and excavation of ancient legends, Gaelic poetry and modern Gaelic folk songs by academic translators also played a huge role in promoting the Irish Renaissance.

    The representative figure is Douglas Hyde, who later became the President of Ireland. His "Love Songs of Connaught" compiled by him is highly regarded.

    One of the most enduring achievements of this movement was the founding of the Abbey Theatre.

    The Irish Literary Theater was founded in 1889 by Yeats, Lady Gregory, Martin and George Moore.  The group only existed for two years and was not successful.

    Two Irish brothers, William Fay and Frank Fay, who had extensive experience in drama creation, and Yeats's unpaid secretary Anne Elizabeth Fredrica Hollnemann (who had participated in George Bernard Shaw's "Arms of Arms" in 1894)  With the help of a wealthy Englishwoman who premiered in London, the group successfully forged a new Irish national theater scene.

    After the famous playwright John Millington Sheen became involved, the group even made a lot of money performing plays in Dublin.  And on December 27, 1904, the Abbey Theater was built.

    On the theater¡¯s opening night, two plays by Yeats were screened.  From then until his death, Yeats's creative career was always associated with the Abbey Theatre.  Not only was he a member of the theater's board of directors, he was also a prolific playwright.

    In 1902, Yeats funded the establishment of Dan Emer Press to publish the works of writers related to the Renaissance.  This publishing house was renamed Kula Publishing House in 1904.

    The publishing house existed until 1946 and was run by Yeats' two sisters. It published a total of 70 books, 48 ??of which were written by Yeats himself.  In the summer of 1917, Yeats and Miss Oka reunited.  And proposed to her adopted daughter, but was rejected.

    In September, he proposed to an English woman, George Hedless, and she agreed.  The two got married on October 20 of that year.

    Soon, Yeats bought the Tower of Valleli near Cool Park.  And soon it was renamed Turballerita.  Yeats spent most of the summers here for the rest of his life.

    In 1919, Yeats' eldest daughter Ann Yeats was born in Dublin.  Ann inherited her mother's wisdom, tranquility and kindness, as well as her father's extraordinary artistic talent, and later became a painter.

    Yeats had a lifelong interest in mysticism and spiritualism.  In 1885, Yeats and some friends founded the Dublin Occult Brotherhood.  The organization held its first meeting on June 16, with Yeats as the leader.

    In the same year, the Theosophical Society in Dublin was officially opened under the organization of the necromancer Brahmin Mohesh Nishatri.  Yeats attended his first s¨¦ance the following year.

    Later, Ye Ci was addicted to mysticism and spiritualism and couldn't extricate himself.  In 1900, he even became the leader of the Golden Dawn Society.  He joined this organization in 1890.  After getting married, the Yeats once tried unconscious writing, which was very popular.

    Yeats's mystical tendency is particularly obvious in his famous poem "Leda and the Swan".  This short poem is based on Greek mythology.  It tells the story of Zeus transforming into a swan and marrying the beautiful Leda and giving birth to two daughters (one is the famous Helen, who triggered the Trojan War; the other is Clytemnestra, the Greek army commander Agamemnon  wife).  This theme has appeared repeatedly in Western literary and artistic works.

    Regarding Ye Ci¡¯s original intention of creating this masterpiece, Western critics have had various interpretations and interpretations.  Some people believe that the root of historical changes lies in ** andSome people believe that history is the result of the joint action of human creativity and destructive power.  Mainstream Western literary history regards "Leda and the Swan" as a landmark work of symbolist poetry.

    In the formation process of Yeats¡¯ mysticism.  Catherine Tynan's influence is not insignificant.  Tai Nan was a talented female poet, and Ye Ci had a close relationship with her in her early years.  It was under Tai Nan's influence that Ye Ci frequently participated in activities of various mystical organizations.  Tai Nan admired Ye Ci's talent throughout her life, but Ye Ci gradually alienated her later on.

    Yeats's mystical tendencies were significantly influenced by Indian religion. In his later years, he even personally translated the Hindu "Upanishad" into English.  Theosophy and supernatural meditation became the source of inspiration for Yeats' late poetry creation.

    Some critics have criticized the mystical tendencies in Yeats's poetry, believing that it lacks rigor and credibility.  Auden sharply criticized Yeats in his later years for being a deplorable adult exhibit whose brain had been occupied by nonsense about witchcraft and India.

    However, it was during this period that Yeats wrote many of the most immortal works of his life.  If you want to understand the mystery of Yeats' poetry in his later years, you must understand the mystical thinking system of his book "Spiritual Vision" published in 1925.

    Today, people read this book to understand Yeats's later poems, but do not regard it as a religious or philosophical work.

    In 1913, Yeats met the young American poet Ezra Pound in London.  In fact, Pound came to London partly to get acquainted with this older poet.  Pound considered Yeats the only poet worthy of serious study.

    From 1913 to 1916, Yeats and Pound spent every winter at a country house in Ashton Forest.  During this time Pound served as Yeats's nominal assistant.

    However, the relationship between the two poets began to deteriorate when Pound revised some of Yeats' poems without his permission and published them in Poetry magazine.

    Pound's modifications of Yeats's poems mainly reflected his hatred of the rhythm of Victorian poetry.  However, both poets soon began to miss the days when they worked together and learned from each other.

    In particular, Pound's knowledge of Japanese Noh music from Ernest Fenollosa's widow provided inspiration for Yeats's upcoming aristocratic play.

    The first play written by Yeats that imitated Japanese Noh music was "By the Eagle's Well".  He dedicated the first draft of this work to Pound in January 1916.

    Yeats is generally regarded as one of the most important poets writing in English in the 20th century.  However, unlike most modernist poets who continued to experiment in the field of free verse, Yeats was a master of traditional poetic forms.
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