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Chapter 174 Computer Science Setting Sail

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    "Still waiting for me to come? I don't believe you haven't tested it in advance!" Guan Fei smiled and shook hands with each of them, saying humorously.  ¡­¨Q ¡°Of course we have tested it. But without the commander¡¯s confirmation and final approval, we still feel a little uneasy and always feel like we are dreaming!¡± Several researchers laughed from ear to ear and rubbed their hands in embarrassment.  road.  "What's unreliable is just these circuits." Guan Fei smiled and waved his hands before they eagerly spoke, "Okay, okay, take out the things and I'll test them all one by one. Otherwise, you guys  Don¡¯t worry!¡± He didn¡¯t think there would be any big problems with this batch of chips.  The level of integrated circuits in this era is still in the early stages of development. On a silicon wafer substrate of one square centimeter, the highest integration level of components can reach about 30,000.  Although it is said that China is following others¡¯ footsteps, it is not moving slowly.  When Americans invented the first computer in 1946, China¡¯s first analog computer was developed by Harbin University in 1957, almost eleven years later than the West.  Then in the second year, the first digital computer was developed with the assistance of Soviet experts.  In 1956, the United States developed the second-generation transistor computer.  The country also developed its first large-scale transistor computer in 1963, which was seven years behind the West.  In ****, IBM developed the world's first integrated circuit computer.  Later, in 1973, China also developed its first fully integrated circuit large-scale computer, and its computing speed exceeded one million levels for the first time.  And the operating systems used are all developed by ourselves.  So far, it can be seen that although China is always slower than the West, the gap between the two sides has always been within ten years.  The shortest time was within seven years.  However, the domestic emphasis on theory over practice and emphasis on military use over civilian use has had a serious impact on computer development.  While foreign countries are gradually turning their attention to computer miniaturization, commercialization, and civilian use, China is unswervingly insisting on developing mainframes and super mainframes.  With scientific research and military use as the research and development goals, two parallel paths have gradually formed with Western computer development ideas.  It¡¯s not that miniaturization has not been done, but the country¡¯s resources are insufficient, and the resources invested in it are far behind compared with mainframes.  Moreover, after the minicomputers were developed, they were basically not put into mass production. Only a few, a dozen, or dozens, or at most, one or two hundred units were produced, and a small amount was supplied to scientific research institutions.  Compared with the booming commercial minicomputers and civilian microcomputers in the United States, it is not at the same level.  But even so, domestic research on integrated circuits has not stopped.  The photolithography, oxidation, diffusion, evaporation and other processes necessary for integrated circuit manufacturing were learned in China in the 1960s.  It¡¯s just that the equipment is poor and the specific preparation process is not well mastered. Compared with Europe and the United States, the integrated circuits produced are one generation behind.  For example, at this time, the integrated circuit manufacturing level in the United States is about 10,000 to 30,000, and the best domestic level can only reach about 6,000.  There is definitely a gap, and it¡¯s still huge, but it¡¯s not hopeless.  Guan Fei does not take this gap seriously. Key preparation technologies such as wafer preparation, photolithography technology, evaporation technology, oxidation technology, and diffusion technology may seem extremely advanced in this era, but in his eyes they are no more important than manufacturing.  Transistors are more complex.  Under his guidance over the past year, the Military Division Semiconductor Research Institute has achieved great results and has successively reached the same level as the United States.  The three-inch experimental wafer preparation machine, photolithography machine and other equipment renovated and made by the military division have high precision and precise control. He then optimized the process flow. Although the output is still very low, he can already produce integrated products worth 30,000 yuan.  Device handling.  In the two previous tests, the yield rate of wafer preparation was well controlled at around 97%, while the yield rate of integrated circuit preparation reached 95%.  For integrated circuit preparation, the yield rate of wafer preparation and the yield rate of chip preparation are not additive, but multiplicative.  Each additional step will significantly reduce the yield of the final product.  Therefore, the current best level of the military division is a yield rate of 92%.  In other words, starting from wafer preparation, the initial input of one hundred raw materials required can only produce ninety-two intact and usable chips.  Japan has completely defeated Intel in the memory field by relying on its focus on details, more than ten years of hard work, and strict management requirements for workers.  In Intel's own words, they tried every means, but in the end the yield rate of memory production was always 15 to 20% lower than that of Japanese memory!  How many chips can be accommodated on a disc with a diameter of three inches?It¡¯s only limited. If the yield rate is lower than 15 to 20%, the cost will not be so high!  Even if the wages of workers in the United States and Japan are similar, Intel cannot compete with the Japanese.  What's more, the wages of Japanese workers are only two-thirds of those of American workers, so there is even less hope.  American memory manufacturers fought with Japanese manufacturers for several years, but finally lost and had to give up the market.  In fact, Japan is not lagging behind in terms of not only memory but also processor manufacturing capabilities.  As their national power grows, they are also ambitious and increase investment, hoping to replace the United States' dominance in processors.  ¡°However, the processor is too sensitive and cannot be used as a bone to be thrown to Japan like the memory.  Advanced ideas in design, dominance in national power, influence in the global computer industry, and differences in language environment all made Japan's investment in processors ultimately in vain, and it could only use its own chips for game consoles.  , a small amount of self-made compatible machines specially designed for use in Japan.  Guan Fei planned to take this path.  He has no intention of developing a cutting-edge chip and defeating the Americans.  Technically there is no problem, but politically it is completely unfeasible - the United States is not a real anti-Japanese warrior, and only a fool would hand over the computer field that is related to the country's vitality to China, which was an enemy yesterday!  He is taking the route of saving the country through curves. By inserting his own private goods into various CNC equipment such as game consoles and CNC machine tools, he gradually expands the scope of application of the pure Chinese processor developed by the military division, increases market share, and cultivates relevant people.  Software and hardware talents.  This is also to prevent the various products developed by ourselves from being cracked by competitors.  It is not that it cannot be cracked at all. Any static items or programs will be recognized and read by people using special equipment.  But if you don¡¯t have Chinese usage habits, can you understand it?  When you worry about cracking the principle of the circuit, I will have another upgraded version tomorrow. You can always eat gray behind me.  "When you rack your brains to find a Chinese master and understand the program, I will update the program immediately, so you can only watch!"  Shen Zhixiang, the leader of the research team, carefully took out an aluminum alloy suitcase, clicked the secret lock, and opened the box gently.  His movements were very gentle, as if it contained fragile delicate porcelain, for fear that he would break it if he moved too hard.  All the researchers gathered around, holding their breath as much as possible even though they knew there were masks.  But from the masks that were quickly stained with mist, you can see how excited they are now.  The lid of the box was opened, revealing rows of bright silver chips inside. Each chip is three centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide, and is rectangular in shape.  This is the small square flat packaging technology completed under the guidance of Guan Fei, the English abbreviation is qfp.  In this era, Intel and others are still using the old-fashioned double-row symmetrical packaging, and the processors look no different from ordinary integrated circuits.  But this packaging method is simple, but the package size is much larger than the core chip, which takes up a lot of installation space.  The square planar package is different. The pins are drawn from four sides, making it more compact and dense.  Its shortcomings are of course exactly the opposite of the former, and it is more difficult after encapsulation.  Small-scale preparation in the laboratory is okay, but large-scale packaging requires a dedicated production line and requires a large investment.  Moreover, this is difficult to perform on existing test equipment due to the packaging method, and special instruments are also required to detect it.  But this is not difficult.  In the mixed economic model of semi-planned economy and semi-market economy in military divisions, a small amount of investment is nothing. It is nothing more than paying wages and bonuses to production workers, and giving certain profits to manufacturers.  Anyway, the meat rotted in the pot. They got the money and spent it in the military district. In the end, it was returned to the military district through various channels.  In order to have good heat dissipation, this processor also adopts a metal package.  This is just a laboratory practice for the sake of excellence. In fact, when the processor is put into large-scale production, it will be changed to ceramic packaging to save costs.  Besides, with such a level of integration, there is no need for a metal casing to dissipate heat. Ceramics are enough.  Shen Zhixiang carefully pushed the box over the countertop, but he didn't dare to hold it and hand it over for fear of not catching it and knocking it over to the ground.  Guan Fei respected their work and took it with both hands, turning it to his side.  "Where's the tester?" He glanced at it first.  There is a biological accessory brain that scans quickly, and the processing flaws on the surface of the chip cannot escape his sharp eyes.  It has to be said that Shen Zhixiang and the others really regard these chips as treasures. Each one is exquisitely made and shines under the light, like a work of art. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? bright silverOn the surface of the metal package, the raised word "ACTU" and the hammer and sickle mark are very eye-catching.  At the bottom, there is also a line of small characters printed "Yiding People's Army Military Division Semiconductor Research Institute, Integrated Circuit Preparation Technology Center, 1980"!  Each chip has a number, from 001 to 092.  Shen Zhixiang and others noticed that Guan Fei glanced at the small words, and felt a little embarrassed. They said nervously: "Actually, we were just joking. We just wanted to print the name of the institute on it" Several other researchers also laughed.  Smiling, he raised his hand involuntarily and scratched the back of his head through his hood.  Guan Fei stretched out his index finger and shook it: "You are right! For the collective and individuals who have made contributions, we give material rewards only as an equivalent exchange of work. But we pursue spiritual goals that transcend material things. This is what we  The biggest difference from Western capitalism. You have made a contribution, and it is natural to receive commensurate honors. When it is officially put into production, we will keep this line so that more people can know who developed it!  However, you also know that a large part of our products are exported to Europe and the United States, so the People's Army part in the front must be removed. From now on, the words 'Military Division Semiconductor Research Institute, Integrated Circuit Preparation Technology Center' will be printed."  He looked at Shen Zhixiang and others with happy faces and shook his head gently.  If these first batch of chips are kept for decades, the number 001 on them alone may be worth a lot of money.  But it doesn¡¯t matter. Things are made for use. Once it is officially put into production, it is also a good idea to produce another batch of 001 and let every researcher and worker involved in research and development keep one as a souvenir.  Guan Fei smiled slightly, gently picked up a chip, put it into the pins of the special test instrument, and followed the operating sequence to read the current data of each pin.  This set of testers made by the military division is very advanced. The signal is recognized by the internal processor, automatically compared with the solidified database, and the relevant parameters are immediately displayed on the strip LCD screen.  After each test, an English word is displayed - pass, which means pass!  It¡¯s a pity that a Chinese character library has not yet been produced, and various instruments and equipment are still labeled in English.  After solving the problem of integrated circuits such as processors and memories, we will seize the time to produce Chinese font chips.  There is no Chinese font library, and it is difficult to compile it with a Chinese processor. This is of course not possible.  After the font library is produced, the instruments and equipment for the Chinese operation panel must be re-developed, and the existing equipment in the military division must be greatly updated.  As for the old ones, it depends on whether you want them domestically or sell them through Hong Kong.  Guan Fei thought quickly in his mind and left all the movements in his hands to the biological assistant brain.  The speed of the automated detector is very fast. The densely packed pins and dozens of instructions solidified inside can be detected in the blink of an eye.  Although Chinese instructions cannot be recognized and garbled characters appear on the LCD screen, the word "pass" still indicates that the circuit recognition is correct.  Ninety-two chips, it only took about ten minutes to pass them all.  Pass rate, 100%!  Seeing that the last chip passed the test, Shen Zhixiang and others all showed joyful expressions and couldn't help but hug each other.  Although there are less than a hundred chips, it means that the military division has its own processor manufacturing capabilities.  In the future, you no longer need to buy expensive chips from abroad, but can make them all yourself!  The processor business of the military division is sailing in this small laboratory at this moment!
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