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Chapter 251 Supercomputing

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    In a long clean room on the second floor of Building 2 attached to the Guanfei Private Research Institute of the Military Command, a small automatic welding assembly line is running step by step under program control.  ?一?Reading·1?k?a?n?s?hu·cc Robotic arms rise and fall on both sides of the belt-shaped conveyor belt, and the scene is like a science fiction movie.  Generally speaking, the technical level of laboratories is one to two levels higher than that of factories. The automatic assembly line on this floor vividly illustrates this point.  Although factories put into production outside for mass production manufacturing have a high level of automation, they pale into insignificance compared to Guan Fei Private Research Institute.  Anyone who suddenly came to his research institute would be surprised to see all kinds of incredible automated equipment.  In terms of advanced level, there is no laboratory in the world that is more advanced than this one.  The laboratory is actually an upgraded version of the factory. It has a lot of processing equipment. However, the laboratory is mainly used to verify the feasibility of a certain process, so most of them are small equipment with limited production capacity.  In terms of the precision of the equipment and the operating environment, it is much better than the factory.  At least the technical staff here have the lowest level of education and are fresh college students in related majors. They cannot be compared to workers who have only undergone short-term training.  This clean room is divided into two rooms, inside and outside. A glass wall is used as a partition between the inside and outside. Automatic welding equipment is placed in the inside room. Only two technicians wearing anti-static suits patrol back and forth to detect the operation of the equipment and perform real-time monitoring.  Troubleshoot and troubleshoot.  Separated by a glass wall, the outer room is the workroom.  The cleanliness requirements in the outside room are not as stringent as in the equipment room. Although the technicians working here wear white coats, hoods, and anti-static gloves, they do not have to cover their faces.  The technicians responsible for delivering materials push the trolleys to deliver baskets of electronic components, circuit boards, processors and other components. The outermost receiving personnel will check the model and quantity, and then sign for receipt.  After receipt, the components are placed in categories, a feeding window is attached to the surface of the storage box, and they are handed over to the feeding team.  According to the markings on the boxes, the feeding team places the components of the same model and electrical parameters on different window platforms, then presses the button above and turns around to continue the next step of the work.  After receiving the signal, the platform tilts under the drive of the motor, dumping the components inside and landing on different conveyor belts.  The conveyor belt rotates and passes through a gate. A wide piece of soft material at the top of the gate is like a big broom. It passes over the components flatly, sweeping away the stacked components and spreading them flat on the conveyor belt. Some of them are located on the edge.  The components fell down, were caught by another wider conveyor belt below, were transported out in reverse direction, and dumped into the receiving bucket outside, waiting to be re-injected next time.  The conveyor belt continues to run. Behind the soft broom, a green light is projected every ten centimeters. It sweeps back and forth. It scans the bar identification code on the surface of the component and checks it with the database to determine whether the feeder has placed it.  Wrong components.  ?一看书w?ww?·1?k?aRequire n book s?h?u·cc If the wrong material is thrown in, a red flashing alarm will light up on the gate to report the wrong material to the technician, and the conveyor belt will  Reverse the operation and send this batch of components back to prevent the wrong components from being welded in the wrong position in the subsequent welding process.  Pairs of arms flew up and down the conveyor belt, sweeping a small amount of other mixed components, as well as the correct components, from the conveyor belt equally, and put them into the storage tank below the gate.  The technicians in the equipment room will come regularly to observe whether the storage tank is full. When it is full, the storage tank will be lifted outside and the technicians will manually pick out the mixed components.  More than ten conveyor belts pass through the gate and deliver the required components to the material receiving ports.  There is a funnel-shaped hole below the material connection port, which is connected to a pipe of varying thicknesses.  The tube is only slightly thicker than the outer diameter of the component and can only allow one component to fall in at a time.  The material receiving port itself is constantly vibrating to prevent components from piling up at the bottom and blocking the entrance of the tube.  The components that fell down the tube were connected in a line all the way to the bottom.  There is a pair of retractable molds at the bottom to forcibly clamp and straighten the fallen component pins to facilitate subsequent work.  The pins of some components are a little loose when they leave the factory, and they will bend when dropped. They will break and fold into a ball when the pins are straightened. These scrapped components will fall into the collection bucket and wait for technicians to take them away.  Discarded, and some that are still usable are repaired manually.  The components passing through the positive leg are transported to the welding robot arm by the tube.  The robotic arm quickly moves up, down, left and right on the circuit board at a dizzying frequency, accurately inserting each component into different soldering sockets according to the design requirements.  At the same time, several electric heating welding arms were like butterflies passing through flowers, welding a??The component pins are fixed on the circuit pads with solder.  With the inherent stability and accuracy of machinery, the welding arm tirelessly welds and fixes components one by one, not a second faster, not a second slower, and always so calmly and leisurely.  Machines will not suffer from fatigue, trance, and other problems that normal humans have. As long as the positioning of the circuit board is accurate and the given welding data is correct, it will not cause mis-soldering or missed welding.  Because there are different types and sizes of components, there are more than a dozen groups of robotic arms used for jacking and welding, and each group automatically assembles five circuit boards at the same time.  After the last set of welding procedures is completed, the conveyor belt will move forward under the action of gears, and the laser positioner will accurately position it according to the positioning holes in the four corners of the circuit board, and then control the robotic arm to carry out the next assembly and installation process.  On this assembly line, different components such as resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits are welded, fixed, and assembled one by one according to the design.  A circuit board containing hundreds of components was assembled in just ten minutes. It was then sent to another operating room via a conveyor belt, where it slid down from the discharge port and landed on the foam cushion.  This room is the testing room.  ??一??Reading·1·cc In a strip-shaped room more than thirty meters long, there are five testing stations placed in parallel, with dozens of technicians sitting on both sides of each testing platform.  The inspector sitting closest to the discharge port quickly visually inspects the assembled circuit board to see if there are any mis-soldering or missing soldering.  There are two backup visual inspectors behind him. When the inspector closest to the discharge port is working and a new circuit board is delivered, the two inspectors will pass him and pick up the new circuit board.  The received circuit boards undergo the first visual inspection process.  The confirmed circuit board is placed on the middle conveyor belt of the strip inspection station and sent to the next inspection link.  On the more than 30-meter inspection assembly line, dozens of inspectors are responsible for different inspection items, scopes, and processes, and the inspection instruments and equipment used are also different. Some are oscilloscopes and some are circuit meters, which correspond to different inspection items.  All circuit boards that have passed the inspection are transferred to the end of the inspection station and placed by several staff members in a plexiglass box slightly larger than the circuit board. The top is covered with a plastic foam cushion and stacked layer by layer.  .  When a certain amount is accumulated, staff will push the processed circuit boards to the assembly room next door on trolleys.  The assembly room is even larger, covering 500 square meters, and also uses automatic assembly lines.  What is delivered here are all components that have been assembled, including circuit boards, chassis, power supplies and other accessories with different functions. They are much larger than those in the previous process, and naturally cannot be loaded into small-sized conveying equipment such as feeding tubes.  , but placed on a long conveyor belt, slowly rotating.  The conveyor belt passes through the robotic arms, some of which are being assembled and some of which are idle.  The idle robotic arm, based on the optical positioning recognition equipment and under program control, removes the required components from the conveyor belt passing slowly in front, fixes the hard drive, circuit board, etc. in the chassis with screws, installs the power supply, and plugs in  Connectors such as data cables and power cables.  If a component has not been installed, a check mark will be placed on the control program list of the robotic arm. Then the optical recognition device will control the robotic arm to select the next uninstalled component based on the information scanned on the conveyor belt and grab it.  Then proceed to assembly.  The assembly line has a master control system that will automatically control the conveyor belt conveyance and the robotic arm to grab and select targets based on the number and type of components transported by the conveyor belt to ensure that the urgently needed components are placed on the conveyor belt, and that after the conveyor belt reaches the end, the above  Components are just used up, thus achieving optimal working efficiency.  Except for the chassis baffle on the right side, which is not fixed, all other accessories are installed in place, lifted up by the robotic arm and placed aside, and taken away by technicians for final confirmation.  Under the operation of this efficient assembly line, scattered components and assemblies are turned into finished products at a rate of one per minute.  The assembled chassis were delivered to a small building behind the laboratory building.  On the door plate of this small Japanese-style building, the building’s function as the War Zone Scientific Computing Center is clearly marked!  “That’s right, what Guan Fei personally took charge of implementing was the first computing center in the base area!  This computing center has two floors above ground and two floors underground.  The first floor above ground is the workroom for the technical maintenance personnel of the computing center, the reception room for external computing business and other functional rooms, and the second floor is the computing hall.  The first underground floor is a warehouse, used to store maintenance spare parts and repair equipment; the second underground floor is a power distribution room, electric generator set, battery pack, and high-power central air conditioner to ensure that the computing center can??Fourteen hours of non-stop work.  There are ten rows in the hall, and each row has ten racks, a total of one hundred racks.  "Each rack is divided into three layers: upper, middle and lower. Each layer can accommodate five computing chassis. The entire computing center has a total of 1,500 computing components, running in parallel at the same time.  In each computing chassis, there are twelve specially-made Actuarial Type II processors!  With a total of 18,000 computing chips, theoretically, the peak number of operations per second can reach 7.2 billion!  It’s nearly twice as fast as the current fastest one in the United States!  Of course, this is only a theoretical value and is not equal to the actual value.  Theoretically, calculations can be performed simultaneously, but in reality, if there are too many processors, the calculation data will become more dispersed.  A large amount of cumbersome data exchange also makes it impossible to achieve synchronization between processors. The most important thing is that software compiled by humans cannot accurately separate the calculation data and distribute it to different processors for synchronization.  Calculation, and then timely feedback of data and summary, the difficulty can be imagined.  Don’t look at the external publicity that the peak power of a certain computer is as high as several billion. In fact, due to the corresponding application software flaws, the parallel computing efficiency is very low.  The usual computing efficiency is less than 30% of the peak efficiency!  Some supercomputers with poorly written parallel software and improper hardware configuration have actual efficiency of only a few percent!  This is of course a historical limitation. In fact, as people gradually improve parallel computing theories and algorithms, and configure processors with higher parallel efficiency, this number will be able to increase to 100% in three to forty years.  Sixty or seventy.  The actuarial type-1 processor designed by Guan Fei was originally a simplified version of a mature product for later generations. Later generations of scientists and mathematicians have already worked hard on how to improve the efficiency of parallel computing and made the highest possible optimization.  Although he made a large number of deletions, it can be said that he only adopted a small part of the core, and its parallel optimization efficiency is far from being comparable to that of today's processors.  As for the matching parallel control program, it is easy to pick up.  The theoretical upper limit of the calculations of this China Class I computer is 7.2 billion, and the actual operating efficiency can reach more than 90%, up to 6.88 billion times!  Without actual verification, it is definitely the fastest supercomputer in the world in this era! ????????? Calculation actually doesn’t mean anything, the key is whether it can be efficient.  China’s computing journey has always been very difficult. Due to the blockade by the West, it is unable to buy suitable super computers.  Even if you can occasionally borrow someone else's room, you are not allowed to enter the operation room. All calculation tasks must be submitted to the other party. After being reviewed by the other party, European and American technical staff will input them, and then the results will be fed back to us.  Everyone knows that the research projects assigned to calculations are very important.  “Leaving all calculations to Western technicians is equivalent to exposing all our research topics and progress to others.  As soon as people look at the calculation report we submitted, they will know what we are doing and where we are currently. It can be said that it is completely transparent and cannot be kept secret.  Therefore, the country can only conduct computing research on its own, and after decades of efforts, it finally developed the fastest super computer in the world.  But even though it was done, the effect in actual application was not ideal.     Why?  Because our supporting software is too poor!  For various scientific research and defense-related calculations, each subject must write its own software and then submit it to the computing center for calculation.  Those who can work on missiles may not necessarily be able to write good missile trajectory calculation software.  Those who can write software do not understand user needs and do not have supporting practical software.  Users themselves are not good at writing software. This resulted in the fact that in the early 21st century, although there were good computers in China, the idle rate was alarming.  Even though it is open to external computing tasks, there are only a few users who come to use it.  I don’t understand, I don’t know how to use it!  Calculation software is completely different from personal computers. You can write a few java, but can you write calculation software that can be used for calculations?  The China One Type hosted by Guan Fei will naturally not make this mistake again.  The related systems and application software are all written by him, covering dozens of disciplines such as machinery, electronics, medical, biology, aerospace, radar, weapons, vehicles and ships currently involved in military divisions. It can be said that  Anyone who can use calculations can find related application software. Users only need to follow the steps step by step and submit the corresponding calculation data and requirements to get the most perfect answer.  The successful construction is only the first step, followed closely byThe second step is coming soon. Mobile phone users please visit http://m.piaotia.net
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