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Volume 2 Beijing Story Chapter 162 Benign Reaction of the Butterfly Effect

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    Update time: 2012-08-15

    Since the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, and China declared war on Germany and Austria on April 18, 1917, as Wang Geng's war troops expanded in training and continued to be armed, China seemed to have unknowingly embarked on the war.  the fast track for development and construction.

    There is no doubt that participating in the war brought huge benefits to China, but no one can yet see the price that participating in the war will cost China. The Southerners, who accounted for a relatively majority of members of Congress, were actually divided in their positions and statements before and after participating in the war.  There were several factions. Originally, the Southern Party, which was the largest party, only accounted for 45%, followed by the Progressive Party originally organized by Lao Yuan, and then the Department of Transportation and the Department of Research.

    China's participation in the war secured unprecedented conditions. The issuance of the new Chinese yuan, which received full support from the great powers, especially the United States, loosened the financial constraints of the government and the people across the country. Coupled with the good weather in the spring and summer of 1917, especially the model participants in the war  The military's innovation in the joint construction of military-civilian relations is refreshing. The Three Major Disciplines and the Nine Points of Attention are not just military songs sung on the lips, but are implemented into all the daily military camp life of officers and soldiers.

    No matter how many overt and covert enemies the Prime Minister and his Anhui clique, as well as Wang Geng and Xu Shuzheng have made inside and outside, it is still unknown what the combat effectiveness of this new army, which has been trained and expanded for more than three months, is.  But in terms of weapons and equipment, logistical support, treatment of officers and soldiers, and more importantly, strict military discipline, it is ranked first in the history of the Republic of China and is impeccable!

    While Wang Geng is busy managing his own affairs, all political forces in the country are doing their best to prepare for the by-election and re-election of members of Congress in August. The current Congress is still the National Congress of the Republic of China.  It was the first Congress after the founding of the Republic of China.

    On August 27, 1912, Provisional President Yuan Shikai promulgated the "Organic Law of the Congress of the Republic of China", the "Election Law of Senate Members" and the "Election Law of Members of the House of Representatives" formulated by the Provisional Senate, and established a temporary agency to "prepare congressional affairs"  Bureau".  According to the "Organic Law of the Congress of the Republic of China", the Congress is divided into two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

    The National Congress of the Republic of China was banned by Yuan Shikai due to the Second Revolution, and was restored after Li Yuanhong came to power last year. At this time, the powers of the Senate and the House of Representatives are basically the same, except that the Senators are composed of representatives elected by provincial councils and mainly represent various political forces, while the House of Representatives  It is based on the establishment of one democratically elected House of Representatives for every 800,000 people in the population to represent the will of the people.

    The Republic of China was established only six years ago, and the presidential system and the responsible cabinet system have been confused all day long. The "Provisional Constitution" formulated by the temporary senators who were mainly southerners was originally intended to establish a presidential system. As a result, it turned out that Yuan Shikai was bound to be elected president.  Then he changed the presidential system of the original "Organizational Outline of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China" to a cabinet system, hoping to make Yuan Shikai a virtual president.

    As a result, during the years when Yuan Shikai was president, the cabinet system continued to change from "transcendental cabinet" - "party cabinet" - "responsible cabinet" - "outline cabinet", and finally evolved into four different cabinet systems, that is, the president appoints the prime minister.  The prime minister is responsible for forming the cabinet. If the House of Representatives approves the new cabinet, the prime minister and the current government will be formally established. Otherwise, the cabinet members will be continuously adjusted until it is reviewed by the parliament, or the prime minister voluntarily gives up on forming the cabinet, and the president appoints a new prime minister to re-form the cabinet.

    The prime minister can also propose a motion to dissolve the House of Representatives to the president. After the president agrees, it is submitted to the Senate for approval by a two-thirds majority, and the president can dissolve the House of Representatives.  On the contrary, the House of Representatives can also propose a motion of no confidence in the Cabinet and the Prime Minister. If two-thirds pass it, it will be submitted to the President to order the dissolution of the Cabinet. If the President disagrees, the House of Representatives can submit a motion to dissolve the House of Representatives to the senators, thus serving as the president and the cabinet.  and balance and restraint between parliaments.

    There are 10 senators in each of the 22 provinces in the country. Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Qinghai each have election meetings to elect 27, 10, and 3 senators respectively. In addition, 8 senators are elected by the Central Academy;  Overseas Chinese selected 6 people.  According to the statutory quota, there are 274 senators.  Following the American system, a six-year term is elected every two years to maintain its metabolism. One-third of the senators are re-elected every two years, and who needs to participate in the re-election is determined by drawing lots.

    The number of members of the House of Representatives is determined based on the population of each region.  One member of the House of Representatives is elected for every 800,000 people. However, each province has at least 10 members of the House of Representatives. Small provinces with a population of less than 8 million also elect.  Only Mongolia, Taiwan, and Qinghai have equal numbers of senators and representatives.  Among the 22 provinces, Zhili (now Hebei) has the largest population, with 46 members of the House of Representatives.  The provinces with the smallest populations, such as Xinjiang, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, each elect 10 members of the House of Representatives.

    The number of other provinces varies.  The term of office is three years, with elections every three years.  The election is divided into primary and secondary elections, and there are many regulations. According to the legal quota, there are 596 members of the House of Representatives in the country.  There are a total of 841 members in the Senate and House of Representatives.

    Earlier, from early December 1912 to March 1913, members of the House of Representatives and the Senate were elected across the country in accordance with the electoral law.  There are more than 40 million registered voters, accounting for 9.98% of the country's population.  Elected members of parliament, including mainly political activitiesCelebrities, freelancers, former officials of the Qing Dynasty, etc.; among them, Southern Party members account for about 45% and are the largest party in Congress.

    The first Congress of the early Republic of China actually opened on April 8, 1913. It was adjourned with the second revolution and was officially dissolved by Yuan Shikai in January 1914. It was then announced by Li Yuanhong on June 29, 1916.  It was restored and reopened in Beijing on August 1, 1916. As of today, August 1, 1917, it is exactly one year since Congress resumed its session, and it is also the first time that one-third of the senators have been re-elected every two years.

    In view of the fact that the "Provisional Law" and the National Assembly in the early Republic of China did not occur in the two stages of "Zhang Xun's Restoration" and "Li Yuanhong's Dissolution of the National Assembly" due to the intervention of Wang Geng's butterfly, so the "Defender of the Law" initiated by Sun Dapao should have occurred.  There is no chance for the "Movement" to emerge at all. Parliament is still the main battlefield for domestic forces to compete.

    In fact, with the continuous growth of China's participating armies, the law-enforcement war has never occurred. Therefore, under Duan Qirui's restraint and Feng Guozhang's tolerance, at least in the eyes of outsiders, Beiyang is stronger than before and is still united. The best  An example is that Wu Peifu of the direct line served as the commander of the third division of the participating army, and actually replaced Wang Geng as the agent of Suiyuan Dutong.

    After Zhang Zuolin had done so many things, the position of Jilin Governor was still not given to Zhang Zuolin as a favor by Lao Duan. Instead, Li Changtai of the Eighth Division of the Zhili Clique stationed in Tianjin Machang was transferred to Jilin, and the power of the Zhili Clique was still maintained.

    To say that Beiyang is more united and stronger in the eyes of outsiders, a more convincing example is that among the third batch of American arms that arrived at the end of July, Wang Geng, the war superintendent who made armed combat troops his first priority, actually spent a lot of money  After a while, the Army Department allocated enough Springfield rifles, squad machine guns, and Browning heavy machine guns to equip a mixed brigade from this third batch of US aid, and allocated American equipment that could arm a mixed brigade to the troops stationed in  Cao Kun's Third Division in Baoding!

    The Southerners were divided into two factions: supporters and opponents on the issue of participating in the war. When China successfully participated in the war and reaped huge benefits, it expanded the only loose international political environment that had ever existed before and effectively improved China's international status.  After gaining political status, the reputation of those who initially opposed it has obviously been greatly affected.

    As far as the Southern Party is concerned, Zhang Taiyan, Tan Renfeng, Liao Zhongkai, Ma Junwu and Zhu Zhixin followed Sun Dapao and opposed China's participation in the war. However, Zhang Ji, Wu Jinglian, Gu Zhongxiu, etc. from the Yiyou Society and Political Science Society, as well as Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Wang Chonghui, etc. advocated  Go to war.

    Wang Jingwei believed that China "has tried its best to resist in order to maintain its own dignity." Hu Hanmin believed that "so far China has been in a passive position, and now is the time to take the initiative." Wang Chonghui believed that if China maintains neutrality now, "it will definitely lead to disaster" in the future  I have been blamed for all kinds of things so I should resolutely declare war with Germany."

    Others did not express their stance clearly, but tended to and supported participating in the war, such as Cai Yuanpei, who finally expressed his support for the government and cabinet¡¯s decision after China¡¯s participation in the war!
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