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Volume 2 Beijing Story Chapter 180 Recovering Outer Mongolia

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    Update time: 2012-08-24

    November 1917 was a very important moment for the whole world. The Western Front of the European War was still at the end of the Third Battle of Ypres, and the situation in Russia on the Eastern Front of the European War finally collapsed after the Germans occupied Riga two months earlier.  , the Russian Provisional Government, which had changed five times since the February Revolution earlier this year, finally fell before the little mentor and the October Revolution led by him.

    On the night of November 7, 1917 (October 25 in the Russian calendar), the October Revolution of 1917 broke out in Russia. Soldiers and Red Guards in Petrograd, led by the Bolsheviks, launched an uprising and captured the Winter Palace where the cadets were headed. The Provisional Government  The ministers were helpless, but Kerensky, the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government, saw that the situation was not good, and lied to the ministers at noon on October 25, saying that he "decided to personally greet the incoming reinforcements." In fact,  He escaped early in a U.S. Embassy car.

    November 8, 1917, the Second Soviet Conference in Petrograd: Menshevik members and representatives of the right-wing Socialist Revolutionary Party suddenly left the meeting in protest against previous events.  The meeting approved the transfer of state power to the Soviets and all power to Soviet representatives of workers, soldiers and peasants, announced the abolition of the death penalty, issued a peace decree and a land decree, announced the establishment of the Bolshevik government and the People's Deputies-Congress representing all Russia, and the little mentor was elected  Chairman.

    The changes in the situation in Russia have always been a piece of meat that will fall off sooner or later for the Allied Powers. The impact of the October Revolution itself on major countries around the world was not as great as imagined. After all, Russia has experienced many demonstrations and demonstrations this year.  revolution.

    What is fatal is the establishment of the Soviet Russian government and the peace decree and territorial decree announced the next day. The peace decree is the first important foreign policy decree issued by the Soviet Russian government. It was drafted by the little mentor himself on November 8, 1917.  , adopted and promulgated by the 2nd Congress of All-Russian Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers.

    The decree exposed and condemned the predatory purposes of both belligerents in World War I, as well as the imperialist nature and culpability of the war.  It is recommended to the governments and peoples of all belligerent countries to "immediately conclude an armistice agreement" and "immediately begin negotiations on a just and democratic peace treaty" and to immediately implement the policy of "no ceding of territory (that is, no infringement of other countries' territories, no forced annexation of other nationalities) and no indemnity"  Peace".

    Opposing the annexation or occupation of the territory of other countries, it is clearly pointed out: "If it violates the wishes of this nation" and forces it to stay within the territory of another country, it is annexation, that is, an act of occupation and violence.

    The Soviet government abolished secret diplomacy and immediately began to publish all secret treaties concluded and ratified by the Russian landowner-capitalist government from February to October 25, 1917 (Russian calendar), and "immediately and unconditionally abrogated all provisions of these treaties."

    Do not propose peace terms to the belligerent governments in the form of ultimatums.  It also recommended to the people of the belligerent countries, and especially appealed to the working class of Britain, France and Germany, "to help us carry out the cause of peace and the cause of freeing the exploited working people from all slavery and all exploitation effectively to the end."

    If the Peace Decree was Soviet Russia's eagerness to express its position to Germany and Austria for peace and to withdraw from the war, then the Land Decree promulgated on the same day pushed the newly born Soviet Russian government against the major capitalist countries in the world.

    The "Land Decree" passed and promulgated by the Soviet Russian government and the Peace Decree on the same day stipulated that the landlord's land should be immediately confiscated without compensation, and the landlord's farm and all royal, monastery and church land, together with farm animals, farm tools, manor buildings and all appurtenances  , all shall be placed at the disposal of the township land committees and county Soviets of Peasants¡¯ Deputies.

    The decree declares the nationalization of land, forests, mineral deposits, water flows and other resources.  Private rights to land are permanently abolished, and the sale, lease, and lease of land are prohibited.  All land and underground treasures are the property of all the people.  Land is used equally, and land is distributed to workers according to labor quotas and consumption quotas.

    All major countries in the world are moving from agricultural societies to industrial societies, but the private ownership of land and the sanctity of private property were almost everyone's deep-rooted concepts at that time. When the land decree was promulgated, the whole world was stunned. It was obvious that the revolution was no longer just  Russia's own affairs.

    The October Revolution in Russia in November 1917, the establishment of the Soviet government, and the promulgation of the Peace Decree and the Land Decree were nothing short of a thunderbolt in the blue for the Allied Powers. The princes and ministers of Outer Mongolia, who were under the control of Tsarist Russia in the name of autonomy, were shocked and at a loss.  .

    Obviously, after the Russian Tsar stepped down, the Russian Provisional Government and the bourgeois ministers could not protect themselves, and the order of the entire society would be overturned. To be honest, for the feudal princes and ministers of Outer Mongolia, the country was the king and the country. A master like Tsarist Russia was obviously  It¡¯s no longer reliable.  Who knows whether tomorrow some Soviet will be established in Outer Mongolia to seize and occupy the pastures, lands and houses of princes, ministers and houses without compensation?

    Wu Peifu¡¯s two brigades of the Third Division at the Second Company¡¯s forward base are led by the armored regiment, with nearly 20,000 troops in total.On November 9, they quietly crossed from the Second Company's forward base into the territory of Outer Mongolia, which had been away from the motherland for six years. The dh.4 reconnaissance bomber was responsible for uninterrupted forward reconnaissance.

    At the same time, Duan Qirui¡¯s cabinet ordered Chen Yi, the military envoy stationed in Kulun, to directly notify the princes and ministers of Outer Mongolia on behalf of the central government, requesting Outer Mongolia to cancel its autonomy, and at the same time officially announced that the war troops would march into Kulun.

    The 20,000 elite troops led by Wu Peifu advanced forward with light cavalry. The troops of the Outer Mongolian princes and nobles along the way did not dare to stop them due to the disparity in strength. The aircraft reconnaissance ensured the smoothness and safety of the road ahead to the greatest extent. The only ones who dared to fight with the participating armies along the way were  It was the cavalry unit of Tsarist Russia stationed in Mongolia. It was almost completely mechanized and used wheeled armored vehicles to clear the way behind, and the third division of the participating army was covered by aircraft overhead. The Tsarist Russian army stationed in Mongolia was also defeated in one fell swoop.

    Although the Third Division of the participating army strictly abides by the three disciplines and the nine points of attention that are engraved in the bones of every soldier, and does not abuse or massacre prisoners, but for the Mongolian nobles who dare to resist stubbornly, Wu Peifu said with a wave of his hand, "Nothing is necessary"  What are the prisoners for? All those who dare to resist will be wiped out! All those who don¡¯t recognize themselves as Chinese will be wiped out!¡±

    On November 9, 1917, Wu Peifu's third division entered the territory of Outer Mongolia and broke through all obstacles to the advance of the light cavalry. Five days later, the troops arrived at the city of Kulun. Two brigades of the Mongolian army defending the city plus a regiment of Russian cavalry were divided into three groups: the princes and ministers of Outer Mongolia.  The two factions of autonomy and independence were abolished, and the Tsarist Russian cavalry regiment attempted to hijack and force Outer Mongolia to simply rebel!

    After resting for a day at the gate of Culun City, Wu Peifu¡¯s Third Division submitted an ultimatum to Culun on November 15, 1917. If they did not lay down their weapons before noon!  Open the door and surrender at your own risk!

    As a result, at noon, when the two squadrons of 24 Handley Page 0/400 heavy bombers taking off from the Second Company's forward base covered the sky above Cullen, they were stunned when faced with the mighty Chinese combatants.  The Eighth Mongolian Jebtsundamba, the Mongolian Living Buddha, finally ordered to lay down his weapons and stop resisting at the urging of several patriotic princes.

    The two brigades of the Mongolian army laid down their weapons and drove out of the city to wait for reorganization. Wu Peifu's third division marched into Kulun in a mighty manner. Wu Peifu "invited" the Prime Minister of the Outer Mongolia puppet regime Badmaddorji while he placed the Mongolian Living Buddha under house arrest.  own headquarters.

    At the same time, the engineering battalion rushed to repair the field airport in Culun. Three days later, War Supervisor Wang Geng and Foreign Affairs Minister Xia Yiting arrived in Culun on Handley Page 0/400 aircraft. After formal bilateral negotiations, the princes and nobles of Outer Mongolia reached an agreement.  opinions, cancel the autonomy of Outer Mongolia and return to the embrace of the Chinese motherland.

    When Outer Mongolia's letter to the central government to cancel its autonomy was sent out, the whole country celebrated with joy. The third division of the participating army and its commander Wu Peifu became national heroes in the spotlight. Of course, people will never forget the creation of this team.  The merits of Wang Geng, the commander-in-chief of the participating armies, who prepared and arranged the action plan for the third division to march into Outer Mongolia!

    On November 20, 1917, Outer Mongolia, which had been separated from the motherland for 6 years since the Revolution of 1911, returned to the embrace of the motherland!

    Immediately after receiving reinforcements from two brigades of Wang Chengbin's 10th Division, the participating troops quickly occupied the Maocheng, Ulyasutai, Khovd, and Tangnu Ulianghai areas in Outer Mongolia that were controlled by the Russian troops stationed in Mongolia.  land, expelled the remaining troops of Tsarist Russia, and completely returned Outer Mongolia to the embrace of China!
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