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Volume 2 Beijing Story Chapter 190 Achievements in 1917

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    From April to the end of December 1917, with the emergence of the butterfly Wang Geng in China, China experienced tremendous changes. A summary of the achievements in various aspects is as follows:

    First, after the preparation and establishment of the participating armies on the basis of the 16th Mixed Brigade, China obtained more favorable conditions for participating in the war through negotiations with the great powers. This set off pressure from both the government and the public to enhance China's strength through participating in the war and reduce the Gengzi indemnity.  The long-standing stalemate between President Li Yuanhong and Prime Minister Duan Qirui over whether to participate in the war finally ended with the resignation of the student movement and Li Yuanhong.

    Second, China took advantage of the favorable conditions of delaying the payment of the Gengzi Indemnity for ten years after participating in the war, used the Gengzi Indemnity as collateral, reformed the currency issuance system, and learned from the Federal Reserve¡¯s currency issuance method, so that the Ministry of Finance could only issue pledged public bonds.  Currency can be issued through Bank of China and Bank of Communications.

    Third, under the promotion of Wang Geng and with the cooperation of Xu Shuzheng, the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications successfully completed the issuance of the new banknote Zhongyuan by issuing 380 million public bonds from the Ministry of Finance. Zhongyuan uses US dollars as its issuance reserves and  Credit binding, the transition from the silver standard to the gold standard, thus establishing a new national banknote issuance system that replaced silver dollars and silver taels in one fell swoop. At the same time, nearly 90 million old Beijing banknotes were successfully recycled, and the Chinese yuan with strong credit began to enter thousands of households.

    Fourth, the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications reached an agreement to borrow 200 million yen from Japan and purchase nearly 100 million U.S. dollars in arms from the United States respectively, using the war participation bonds issued by the Ministry of Finance as collateral, which subsequently led to the construction of the war participation army.  Sufficient resources were obtained for the construction of the Beijing-Suiyuan railway and highway network.

    Fifth, with the support of Japan¡¯s borrowing from the United States and the financial and military budget after the issuance of the new Chinese dollar, in the nine months from April to the end of December, with the guarantee of the arrival of seven batches of US aid arms,  Recruited and trained 13 reorganized divisions of the participating model army units, including three German armored divisions and ten art armored divisions. Each division was responsible for three mixed brigades, a heavy artillery regiment, and a wheeled armor regiment. The participating army reorganized  The full strength of the division is 30,000 people per division.

    During the process of reorganizing the participating armies, the former 15th Division, 1st Division, 16th Division, 8th Division, 5th Division, 3rd Division and the 1st Shanxi Army Division were dismantled and reorganized successively.  And successively obtained the surrender of Cao Kun, the former governor of Zhili, Yan Xishan, the former governor of Shanxi, and the acting president's recognition of the Zhili-Anhui alliance.

    Sixth, the aviation force of the participating armies was successfully established. The first batch of 500 flight students from Nanyuan Flight Academy successfully completed crash training, 2,500 ground crews and mechanics completed basic training, and 432 imported British SE5 fighter jets, dh4 reconnaissance bombers, and Han  The Delipeti 0/400 heavy bomber was assembled and tested.

    By the end of December, six 16-plane fighter squadrons, six 16-plane reconnaissance bomber squadrons, and four 12-plane heavy bomber squadrons of the participating air forces were formally established and put into active service.

    Seventh, the Air Force of the participating armies completed the modification of 36 civilian Handley Page 0/400 aircraft. By leasing pilots and civilian passenger aircraft to the newly established China Airlines, it has successively opened more than ten domestic routes, becoming  A pioneer in the large-scale application of civil aviation passenger aircraft around the world.

    Eighth, the Beijing-Suiyuan Railway Company was reorganized and established on the basis of the Beijing-Suiyuan Railway Bureau. It completed the laying of the 240-kilometer section of the Beijing-Suiyuan Railway from Fengzhen, Zhangjiakou to Guisui, the capital of Suiyuan Province, and created an average daily railway laying of more than 1 kilometer.  Asian railway construction speed record.

    After the Beijing-Suiyuan Railway was completed at the end of October, the Beijing-Suiyuan Railway Company continued its efforts and completed more than half of the 140-kilometer railway from Guisui to Baotou. At the same time, the railway project from Ulanqab to the Sui-Mongolia border No. 2 Company Advance Base was also completed.  A mileage of 180 kilometers.

    Ninth, the exploration team represented by Zhan Tianyou, chief engineer of the Beijing-Suiyuan Railway Company and assistant railway officer of the Ministry of Transport, completed the 149 kilometers from Guisui to Baotou, 120 kilometers from Baotou to Bayan Obo, 90 kilometers from Baotou to Ordos, and 212 kilometers from Baotou to Bayannur.  , Exploration and design of the 90-kilometer railway and highway route from Bayannaoer to Wulatehou Banner.

    The first and second exploration teams under Zhan Tianyou are separately exploring the 615-kilometer railway and highway line from the Second Company to Kulun and the 860-kilometer railway and highway line from Bayannur to Yinchuan-Lanzhou.

    Tenth. Sino-American Petroleum Company was established. China's first oil well with a daily output of 1,000 tons of oil was drilled in the Renqiu Oilfield east of Baoding in North China. Two refined oil refineries with an annual output of 500,000 tons each in Renqiu and Xuanhua were successfully installed and commissioned.  And it was successfully put into production. With the successful drilling of the second oil well in the Renqiu Oilfield with a daily crude oil production of 1,800 tons, the daily crude oil production of the Renqiu Oilfield of the China-US Petroleum Company has reached 20,000 barrels.

    11. The China Iron and Steel Company was established and built the first comprehensive heavy industry base in Xuanhua, southwest of Zhangjiakou. The construction of the Xuanhua Iron Mine, Xuanhua Steel Plant and the Xuanhua First Arsenal of the Participating Army were in full swing. It was expected that they would be built one after another before the end of March 1918.  It was officially put into operation, while the Xuanhua Refinery completed installation and commissioning ahead of schedule and started refining.

    The coking coal of Xuanhua Heavy Industry Base mainly comes from KailuanThe Petroleum Administration Bureau and Shanxi Jingxing Coal Mine, while crude oil is transported from the Renqiu Oilfield through the Beijing-Hankong and Beijing-Suiyuan Railways.

    12. The participating troops made a huge contribution to the water conservancy dredging, reinforcement and renovation projects on both sides of the Yongding River from April to August, so that the Yongding River, the largest tributary of the Haihe River Basin, did not become flooded in history due to the heavy rain in the summer of 1917.  Major floods in most of Tianjin occurred in Zhili and Tianjin, and the China Charity Foundation established by Wang Geng cooperated with the Department of Civil Affairs of the Ministry of Interior to do a lot of disaster relief and aftermath work during the Yellow River floods in Henan and Shandong.

    Thirteenth, the Beijing-Suiyuan railway and highway projects in the Suiyuan and Zhangjiakou Hetao areas have absorbed nearly 100,000 refugees to participate in the construction of railway and highway projects through work-for-work relief, while Suiyuan has recruited 200,000 households in the Hetao area from Henan, Shandong and other places.  The displaced victims went to Suiyuan Hetao area to reclaim wasteland and settle down.

    14. The participating armies took advantage of the unstable domestic situation in Russia and prepared for the rainy day with mechanized advancement, strong support, and air reconnaissance and cover in place. Wu Peifu's third division marched from Suiyuan to Outer Mongolia, and laid equal emphasis on diplomacy and military affairs when approaching the city, forcing the princes and ministers of Outer Mongolia to  When Tsarist Russia itself was unstable, it surrendered.

    After the Kulun authorities laid down their weapons and Wang Geng and Xia Yiting came to Kulun for symbolic negotiations, Outer Mongolia took the initiative to write to the central government to cancel its autonomy and return to China as a province. At the same time, Wu Peifu's third division and Wang Chengbin's subsequent division  The Tenth Division quickly occupied important places in Outer Mongolia, wiped out and expelled the Tsarist Russian troops stationed in Mongolia, and China completely took back Outer Mongolia.

    15. At the end of the year, the Soviet government was used to argue for the Constituent Assembly. After the little mentor issued a declaration on behalf of Soviet Russia to abrogate all unequal treaties between Imperial Russia and China and give up all territories occupied or ceded by China, the Chinese government immediately  Responded to the other party's declaration and declared to abrogate all unequal treaties with Tsarist Russia and take back all lands occupied by Tsarist Russia.

    At the same time, the 7th, 8th and 9th divisions of the participating armies, which had long been lined up along the Middle East Road, disarmed the Tsarist Russia's Middle East Road protection troops at Wang Geng's order and officially took back the Middle East Road.

    16. While taking back Outer Mongolia and the Middle East Road, the Chinese government announced that it would protect the lives and property of Russians in China, and recognize and protect the legitimate investments of Tsarist Russian businessmen in China. This greatly eased Tsarist Russia¡¯s influence in China.  The anxiety and distrust in the hearts of Chinese troops and immigrants has enabled China's Duan Qirui government and participating troops to gain wider support and recognition internationally!

    On January 1, 1918, the Ministry of Finance of China issued the first tranche of 300 million yuan of patriotic bonds in 1918. Due to the issuance and popularization of the Chinese Yuan in the previous year, and Wang Geng¡¯s achievements in the fields of railways, aviation, highways, petroleum, and steel  Large-scale enterprises with strong capital were initially established, and with the restructuring of the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, private capital followed closely with loose money. In the second half of 1917, China's industry and commerce achieved vigorous development.

    The 7-year 5% public bonds of the Republic of China with a total quota of 300 million yuan were successfully issued. At the same time, the Chinese government once again borrowed 200 million yen from Japan and US$100 million from the United States through the guarantees of the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications.

    Wang Geng knew very well that the challenge to China and the world in 1918 was much greater than that in 1917. Although the Chinese Model Army had been expanded, trained, and integrated to 400,000 people, if it really wanted to respond to the situation in Russia and even send troops to the Eastern Front, it would only cost 400,000.  There are simply not enough people, and it is almost impossible to even launch a campaign.

    In the previous life, the Allied Powers armed Tsarist Russia and the White Guards with 300,000 and 500,000 troops. However, they were beaten to pieces by the Red Army, which had the superior strength of the small man and Trotsky.  .  .

    In 1918, the model army that participated in the war had to organize and train at least ten more divisions to barely have enough!
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