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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 19: Unprecedented territory, Genghis Khan

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    In 1203, Wang Han saw that Temujin's power was threatening his own interests, and Jamuka was provoking him, so he took the initiative to raise troops to invade Temujin.  In the first battle, although Wang Han was repulsed, Temujin also suffered heavy losses, with only 2,600 troops left in his army.

    In order to gain some breathing time, Temujin took the initiative to make peace with Wang Han.  After a short rest, they unexpectedly attacked Wang Han's camp. Wang Han and his son were killed by the Naiman during their flight.

    After destroying Wang Han, Temujin took advantage of the situation and conquered the Naiman people.  Jamukha was also captured by his followers and presented to Temujin.  In order to avoid future troubles, Temujin simply killed the young "Anda".  In this way, the last force on the grassland that resisted him was eliminated, and all the tribes on the grassland thousands of miles outside the Great Wall bowed to him.

    In 1206, the 44-year-old Temujin held a banquet for his ministers in front of his tent by the Onan River. Under the neighing of thousands of horses and the cheers of the crowd, he accepted the worship of nobles from various tribes and was honored as "Genghis Khan".  At this point, a unified Mongol Khanate was born.

    After the establishment of the Mongol Khanate, Genghis Khan immediately began to complete the formation and reform of the army, legal system, culture and other aspects in order to consolidate his power.

    Genghis Khan relied on force to unify this nation on horseback, so he spared no effort in building an army.  He also expanded an escort force of 10,000 men under his personal command.  This army is very strict from the selection of personnel, the equipment of weapons to the training of tactics.

    Through these reforms, the political power established by this nomadic nation basically eliminated the remnants of clan society and completed the feudal institutionalization.

    After completing the reform of the political power, Genghis Khan immediately began to conquer foreign countries.

    At that time, what he wanted to conquer most was the Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchens.  It has always been Mongolia's "superior state" and has long adopted a policy of oppression and massacre against the Mongolians outside the Great Wall.  The ancestor of Genghis Khan, I Bahai Khan, was killed by Jin.

    Although he was eager for revenge and plunder, Genghis Khan, who was known as a wise man, did not lack calmness at all.  He understood that before attacking the Jin Dynasty, he must beware of Xixia's containment, because the Jin Dynasty and Xixia had an alliance first.

    so.  Genghis Khan first attacked the weaker Xixia, and plundered Xixia three times between 1205 and 1209, forcing the other party to agree to pay tribute to him every year.

    After Xixia became a vassal, Genghis Khan personally supervised the invasion of Jin in 1211.  Although the Jin Dynasty army resisted vigorously, they could not resist the Mongolian cavalry.  At that time, Genghis Khan's army only had 95 "thousand households", or about 100,000 cavalry, but it defeated 300,000 elite golden soldiers in a battle at Yehuling.

    When the fall of Zhongdu (today's Beijing) was imminent.  The emperor of the Jin Dynasty had no choice but to send envoys to sue for peace, and in exchange for gifts of princesses, gold and silk, five hundred boys and girls each, and three thousand horses, Genghis Khan agreed to return to the north.

    However, at this moment, the rulers of the Jin Dynasty seemed to be frightened, and the siege of Zhongdu was solved.  He quickly moved the capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan).  After Genghis Khan heard the news, he immediately returned to capture Zhongdu.  As a result, a large area of ??fertile land fell into the hands of Genghis Khan.

    Soon after driving the Jin Dynasty to a corner of Henan, Genghis Khan sent troops to invade Goryeo (North Korea) and made it a vassal and pay tribute.

    In 1218, Khwarezm (the capital was in Samarkand, Uzbekistan today) killed 450 Mongolian merchants, and the envoys sent by Genghis Khan to negotiate were also insulted by being killed or having their beards cut off.  This incident became the trigger for Genghis Khan to send troops to Asian and European countries.

    Since 1219.  He led his army through Persia, Iraq and other places, bypassed the Caspian Sea, crossed the Caucasus, defeated the armies of Zalandin, Gurzhi, Kipchak and Oros, and reached the Crimean Peninsula.

    He once said: "The greatest joy of a man is to suppress the rebels and defeat the enemy, to eradicate them and seize everything they have, making the married women wail and wash their faces with tears." Therefore, his expedition was very cruel, and the iron hooves of the expedition were cruel.  As a result, many prosperous cities were destroyed and many innocent people were massacred.

    In the early summer of 1227, Genghis Khan accidentally fell off his horse and was injured on his way to the Western Xia Dynasty.  soon.  Got another fever.  On August 25, he died of illness in Qingshui County, Ningxia at the age of 66.

    But there are also several other legends: Plano Garbini, the papal envoy to Mongolia in the 1240s, said that Genghis Khan was killed by lightning; Marco Polo, the famous Italian oriental traveler, said that Genghis Khan was attacking the city.  He was killed by an arrow; the "Origin of Mongolia" written in the Qing Dynasty also said that Genghis Khan captured the beautiful Xixia Princess Gulbarezin Guo'hatun, and stabbed Genghis Khan while the princess was sleeping.  Then he threw himself into the river, and Genghis Khan also died of his injuries.

    Where was Genghis Khan buried after his death?  It has also become an eternal mystery.  There are four popular theories: some say he was buried south of Kent Mountain in Mongolia; some say he was buried in the Ordos grassland; some say he was buried in Qianli Mountain; and some say he was buried in the Altai Mountains.

    Why is this happening?  The reason is that the royal family of the Yuan Dynasty practiced secret burials.This means that no markers such as tombs or inscriptions are left at the burial sites of the emperors' tombs, nor are they published or recorded. Therefore, no royal tombs of the Yuan Dynasty have been discovered so far.

    Genghis Khan had his own considerations in choosing to hide in secret: he knew clearly that many ancient tombs were destroyed not only to steal the treasures in the tombs, but also because of political or ethnic hatred;  The tombs of many ancient emperors were often brutally destroyed in acts of revenge.

    Genghis Khan did not want to suffer such a fate after his death, so he chose to hide in secret.

    Among the four theories, people think that the one buried south of Kent Mountain in Mongolia is more reliable.  The basis is: Relevant historical records show that one day during his lifetime, Genghis Khan sat in meditation under a lone tree on Kent Mountain and suddenly blurted out to his entourage: "This place is quite suitable for my tomb! I want to make a grave here."  Make a mark!"

    The notes of literati in the Southern Song Dynasty also recorded that after Genghis Khan died of illness in Ningxia, his body was transported to a place under the Kent Mountain in Mobei, and a deep pit was dug on the surface for a secret burial.

    His remains were stored in a single wooden coffin.  After the single wooden coffin was buried, the soil was backfilled and then "thousands of horses trampled it down".  In order to prevent outsiders from seeing the traces of groundbreaking, tents were used to surround the surrounding area after the "thousands of horses trampled the ground". The tents were not removed until the grass on the tomb ground grew and became the same as the surrounding grass.  Go so that the location of the tomb will never be found again.

    The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan is now located in the Gandesha grassland of Yijinhuoluo Banner in the middle of the Ordos grassland in Inner Mongolia. It is a tomb.

    The pastures here are covered with green waves, and the sheep are surrounded by snowflakes.  Between the blue sky and green grass, three yurt-style halls stand solemnly. The bright yellow walls, vermilion doors and windows, and the dazzling golden glazed roof make this imperial mausoleum look particularly solemn.

    The cemetery covers an area of ??more than 50,000 square meters. The main building consists of three yurt-style halls and connected gallery rooms.

    Genghis Khan's life is full of legend.  Judging from his life, he spent his time in military campaigns, and his merits and demerits are also reflected in his great martial arts.

    His contribution lies in unifying the tribes on the grasslands outside the Great Wall, changing the backwardness of the Mongolian people, and making a tribe that was despised and whose deeds were not passed down shocked the world at that time.  He had outstanding political strategy and military talent, and was a great man who created Mongolian history.

    Although the Mongol Empire perished, the Mongolian nation has maintained its independence and will survive forever.  His battle to destroy Xixia and conquer Jin objectively laid the foundation for the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty.  In 1279, his grandson Kublai Khan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, completed the fourth unification in Chinese history, and established the Yuan Dynasty, a feudal empire with unprecedented territory in Chinese history.

    Kublai Khan became the first ethnic minority emperor to unify China, and Genghis Khan was revered as Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty.  Genghis Khan's achievements are still of great significance to the integration of our country's various ethnic groups and the current layout of the territory.

    Genghis Khan led the Mongolian army to the west. Although it caused huge economic damage, it opened the channel for exchanges between Eastern and Western civilizations. Three of China's four great inventions - gunpowder, printing, and the compass were introduced to Europe here.  It laid an important material foundation for the birth of bourgeois civilization.

    Genghis Khan¡¯s fault was that his expedition to the Asian and European countries suppressed, insulted and destroyed the minds of the peoples who had become his victims, and plunged their economy and culture into a state of long-term decline.

    For such a man with global influence, although people have mixed reviews, one thing is recognized - he is one of the greatest achievers in the world.  Genghis Khan was a charismatic figure.  (To be continued.)
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