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- One of the Demonic Rebels: The Floating Pot Space©¤Descartes
Ren¨¦ Descartes (1596©¤1650), was born in France (now Descartes, named after Descartes) and died in Stockholm, Sweden.
??Famous French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist.
He made important contributions to the development of modern mathematics and is considered the father of analytic geometry because of his formulation of the geometric coordinate system.
He is also the founder of modern Western philosophical thought, a pioneer of modern materialism and a universally skeptical proposition.
His philosophical thoughts deeply influenced subsequent generations of Europeans and pioneered the so-called continental rationalist philosophy.
In 1596, Descartes was born in Touraine-la-Se (now Descartes) in the French province of Indre-Royal.
He was born into a lower-status aristocratic family, and his father was a member of the Parliament of Brittany.
When he was more than 1 year old, his mother died of tuberculosis, and he was also infected, causing him to become frail and sickly. After his mother died, his father moved to another country and remarried, leaving Descartes to be brought up by his maternal grandmother. Since then, father and son rarely saw each other, but his father always provided financial help so that he could receive a good education.
In 1606 or 1607, Descartes entered the Jesuit Royal College of Henry in La Fleche. There he studied mathematics and physics, including the work of Galileo.
After graduating in 1616, he followed his father's wish for him to become a lawyer and entered the University of Poitiers to study law and received a bachelor's degree and a diploma.
After graduation, Descartes had been undecided about his career choice, and was determined to travel around Europe and concentrate on seeking the wisdom in the great book of the world.
In 1618, Descartes joined the army of Maurice of Nassau in the Netherlands. But an armistice had been signed between the Netherlands and Spain, so Descartes used this free time to study mathematics.
In the time of Descartes. Latin is the language of scholars. He also signed his writings with his Latinized name (Renatus, Cartisius), as was the custom at the time.
Because of this, the Cartesian coordinate system pioneered by him is also called the Cartesian coordinate system (now often called the Cartesian coordinate system). However, Descartes' writing in French rather than Latin also indicates that Latin's status as a European academic language was increasingly falling into disuse at that time.
Descartes¡¯ interest in combining mathematics and physics arose while serving as a soldier in the Netherlands. In 1618, he happened to see a mathematical question asking for answers in Flemish on a roadside bulletin board. This intrigued him and the people around him. Translated Flemish, which he did not understand, into Latin.
The people next to him are Isaac and Beckman, who are eight years older than him. Beckmann was highly accomplished in mathematics and physics and soon became his spiritual mentor.
Four months later, he wrote to Beckmann: You were the one who woke me up from my indifference, and told him that he had made four major discoveries in mathematics.
Descartes retired from the army in 1621.
1622. When he was 26 years old, Descartes sold the assets left by his father and spent 4 years traveling in Europe, including 2 years in Italy, and then moved to Paris.
In 1628, he moved to the Netherlands and lived there for more than 20 years. During this period, Descartes concentrated on his philosophical studies. And gradually form their own ideas.
He wrote and published several important collections in the Netherlands, including Methodology, Metaphysical Meditations, and Principles of Philosophy.
In 1649, Descartes was invited by Queen Christina of Sweden to Stockholm, but unfortunately he contracted pneumonia in this land of bears, ice, snow and rocks, and died in 1650.
In 1663 his works were listed in Rome and Paris.
1740. The ban was lifted in Paris in order to provide an alternative to the Newtonian world system that was popular in France at that time.
Descartes's religious beliefs have been rigorously debated in academic circles. He claimed to be a devout Roman Catholic and that the purpose of his meditations was to uphold the Christian faith.
But in his own time, Descartes was accused of promoting secret deistic and atheistic beliefs. His contemporaries Boulez and Pascal said. I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy he tried to get rid of God. Yet he cannot do without a touch from God to set the world in motion; among other things. He would have no need of God anymore.
Stephen Gaucroge's biography of Descartes states that he had a deep religious faith as a Catholic and maintained it until the day of his death, with a firm and passionate desire to explore the truth.
After Descartes died in Sweden, Queen Christina gave up her throne and converted to Roman Catholicism (Swedish law requires rulers to be Protestant).
The only Catholic with whom she had constant contact was Descartes, who had been her personal tutor.
Descartes is widely regarded as the founder of modern Western philosophy. He was the first to create a complete philosophical system.
Philosophically, Descartes was a dualist and a rationalist. Descartes believed that humans should be able to use mathematical methods¡ªthat is, reason¡ªto engage in philosophical thinking.
He believed that reason was more reliable than sensory experience. (He gave an example: when we dream, we think we are in a real world, but in fact this is just an illusion, like Zhuang Zhou dreaming of a butterfly).
He discovered 4 rules from logic, geometry and algebra:
1. Never admit anything as true, only things that I have no doubt about are considered truth;
2. Each problem must be divided into several simple parts to deal with;
3. Ideas must move from simple to complex;
4. We should always conduct thorough inspections to ensure that nothing is missed.
Descartes applied this method not only to philosophical thinking, but also to geometry, and founded analytic geometry.
Therefore, Descartes¡¯ first step is to believe that doubt is the starting point. The knowledge of sensory perception can be doubted, and we cannot trust our senses.
So he won¡¯t say that I see, therefore I am, and I hear, therefore I am. From here he realized a truth: What we cannot doubt is our doubt.
Meaning: What we cannot doubt is the doubting body when we are doubting this matter. Only in this way can we be sure that our doubts are true. Not a false product.
He was puzzled by things that people took for granted or were accustomed to. From this, he derived the famous philosophical proposition-I think, therefore I am (ergo sum).
Descartes took this as the most basic starting point in metaphysics, from which he concluded that I must be an independent, thinking thing.
Descartes also tried to prove the existence of God from this starting point. Descartes believed that we all have the concept of a perfect entity. Since we cannot get the concept of perfection from an imperfect entity, there must be a perfect entity¡ªthat is, God¡ªthat allows us to get this concept. .
Starting from the two points obtained, Descartes continued to deduce that since perfect things exist (God). Then we can be sure that the previous devil hypothesis cannot be established, because a perfect thing cannot allow such a devil to deceive people. Therefore, through constant doubts, we can be sure that this world really exists, and the mathematical logic after proof is all should be correct.
There are many properties in the real world that can be detected rationally, that is, their mathematical properties (such as length, width, height, etc.). When our intellect can clearly recognize a thing, then the thing must not be illusory, but must be as we know it.
Although Descartes proved the existence of the real world, he believed that the universe has two different entities, namely the thinking mind) and the external world matter), both of which come from God, and God exists independently.
?He thinks. Only humans have souls. Humans are dual beings that can both think and occupy space. And animals only belong to the material world.
Descartes emphasized that thought is the starting point that cannot be doubted. It had an important influence on subsequent European philosophy. The controversy arising from the cogito, therefore I am, lies in the so-called existence of God and animal monism (chimpanzees, octopuses, parrots, dolphins, elephants, etc. have all proven to have intelligence), and the main idea of ??doubt has indeed made a great contribution to research.
Descartes¡¯ most important contribution to mathematics was the creation of analytic geometry. Descartes succeeded in bringing together algebra and geometry, which at that time were completely separate.
In his book "Geometry", Descartes proved it to the world. Geometric problems can be reduced to algebraic problems, and geometric properties can also be discovered and proven through algebraic transformations.
Descartes introduced the concept of coordinate systems and line segment operations. Descartes' achievements in mathematics provided a solid foundation for later generations' work in calculus. The latter is an important cornerstone of modern mathematics.
He innovatively translated geometric figures into algebraic equations, thereby solving geometric problems algebraically. This is today's analytic geometry or coordinate geometry.
In addition, many mathematical symbols used today were first used by Descartes, including known numbers a, b, c and unknown numbers x, y, z, etc., as well as exponent representation methods.
He also discovered the relationship between the edges, vertices, and faces of a convex polyhedron, which later generations called the Euler-Descartes formula. He also discovered the Cartesian leaf-shaped lines that are common in calculus.
In physics, Descartes also made some achievements. In "Refraction" he presented the first theoretical demonstration of the law of refraction of light.
He also explained the causes of human vision disorders and designed lenses to correct vision. In mechanics, Descartes developed Galileo's theory of relativity of motion and emphasized the linearity of inertial motion.
Descartes discovered the original form of the principle of conservation of momentum. The momentum defined by Descartes is an absolute value, not a vector, so his principle of conservation of momentum was later proven to be wrong).
He also developed theories such as the theory of cosmology and the vortex theory. Although the specific theories had many flaws, they still had an impact on future natural scientists.
He also used the law of refraction of light to explain the rainbow phenomenon, and analyzed colors through the rotation speed of elemental particles.
In psychology, Descartes¡¯ views and major discoveries had a great influence on later psychology. He is a famous representative of modern dualism and idealism theories.
His major discoveries of reflexes and reflex arcs provided an important basis for the conclusion that animals are machines. And put forward the hypothesis of response©¤stimulus.
But Descartes¡¯s concept of reflection is mechanical. He emphasized the difference between humans and animals. Animals do not have minds, but humans do. This inference is a typical manifestation of dualism.
In addition, the theory of mind-sympathy is another typical manifestation of Descartes' dualism in the relationship between body and mind. He believed that the human body is composed of material entities, and the human mind is composed of spiritual entities.
The mind and human body can influence each other, cause and effect each other, and interact with each other. He believed that there are six primitive human emotions: surprise, love, hatred, desire, joy and sorrow, and that other emotions are branches or combinations of these six primitive emotions.
Although Descartes's dualistic psychological thought was wrong in theory, it was very promoting and progressive in the social context of the time. He used dualism to get rid of the absolute control of science by theology and guide people's thoughts to In terms of rational thinking and specific research, his contribution to psychology cannot be ignored.
It is said that Descartes once traveled with a female robot named Francine. This fictional story likely originated from his comments about the mind, but it may also be the earliest robots.
Descartes ranks 65th on Michael Hart's list of the 100 most influential people in history.
After Descartes¡¯ death, his grave was excavated by tomb robbers, and his skull changed hands several times and is now in the Museum of Mankind at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France.
Descartes firmly denied his relationship with the German Rosicrucians. However, there were many coincidences in the relevant documents he left behind. He did not admit that it might be because of the church at that time.
Descartes shared his early research on integrating geometry and algebra with Beckmann, and once said: If you have the opportunity, if you don't mind using my research or ideas, you can say that it is your idea.
This is just his overly polite and humble attitude, but Beckman really takes it as his own credit. This insulted Descartes, so he denounced Beckmann as stupid and uneducated. - Didn't finish reading? Add this book to your favoritesI'm a member and bookmarked this chapterCopy the address of this book and recommend it to your friends for pointsChapter error? Click here to report
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