Add Bookmark | Recommend this book | Back to the book page | My bookshelf | Mobile Reading

Free Web Novel,Novel online - All in oicq.net -> Fantasy -> The Four Steps of the Unbridled Sky

Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 80: A man breaks free from the shackles

Previous page        Return to Catalog        Next page

    In the Phaedo, Socrates suggests that he got his philosophical ideas from a man who read aloud a book, saying that the man told him that the author of the book was Anaxagoras (the Phaedo).

    When Plato defended himself in the Apology, he criticized Anaxagoras¡¯ theory that the sun was a stone and the earth was a cylinder as worthless.  Socrates insisted that these impious remarks were not his own.

    In the Phaedrus, Socrates criticized the invention of writing technology, which he believed would lead to forgetful habits in readers, and books would often be passed on to people who should not read them.  Only in one of the dialogues in the Phaedo does Socrates show any interest in writing, telling his students that on his last day in prison he wrote some songs based on Aesop's fables.

    Many of Plato¡¯s dialogues contain artificial elements.  Before each discussion and argument begins, Plato will reserve space and time on the stage so that readers can feel involved.

    Conversations are often recorded by someone who was not involved in the original conversation, and often the entire conversation is listened to from the perspective of multiple people.

    Generally speaking, there will be no more than three people actively participating in the conversation at the same time on any occasion. Sometimes different people will join or exit the conversation.

    Some dialogues are simply conversations between two people without the participation of a third party. Two of Plato's dialogues (the well-known "Defense" and the unknown "Menexenus") are just Socrates' dialogues.  Give a speech by yourself.  The human component of dialogue also provides important clues as to how the dialogue is interpreted.

    The contrast between different dialogues is also difficult to fathom.  Socrates often contrasted philosophy with children, and always denied the latter in favor of the former in "The Symposium". He also contrasted philosophy with food in "Protagoras."

    Socrates often compared philosophers with doctors (iatros), describing philosophers as being able to cure people's most serious disease-the ignorance of the mind (psyche). This is also the origin of the term psychiatrist (psychiatrists) today.

    Socrates believed that the human body is a prison for the soul, and it is difficult to reconcile the body and the soul.  This distinction is still frequently made today.

    Socrates also described himself as a spiritual midwife, helping others cultivate correct philosophical ideas.

    The topics of concern in the dialogue all revolve around the relationship between human nature and political virtue.  Underneath these two are discussions of religiosity, self-denial, courage, friendship, and love.

    One of the questions that is often raised is whether virtue can be taught and what exactly it is.

    Knowledge and public opinion, feelings and reality, nature and man-made, body and soul, pleasure and pain, crime and punishment, etc., these issues have all been discussed in more than one dialogue.

    Others include the immortality of the soul, the role of art and learning, the treatment of women and slaves, forms of government, etc. There are few areas of human knowledge that Plato is not interested in, and there are few areas of knowledge that Plato does not explore in depth.  of.

    Platonism is often classified as a metaphysical dualism, sometimes called Platonic realism.  According to this interpretation, Plato's metaphysics cuts the world into two distinct blocks: the intellectual world of forms, and the world of our senses.

    The world we perceive is copied from intelligent forms or ideals, but these copies are imperfect.  Those true forms are perfect and unchangeable.  And it can only be realized by using intelligence to understand, which also means that human intelligence does not include perception or imagination.

    This distinction can also be found in the philosophy of Zoroaster, who also divided the world into wisdom (mystery) and feeling (giti).

    In addition, the country imagined by Zoroaster is also similar to the model described by Plato in "The Republic".  The extent of Zoroaster's influence on Plato remains unknown; although he preceded Plato by several hundred years, much of his writings have been altered.

    In the first, second and seventh volumes of "Utopia".  Plato cites several metaphors to explain his metaphysical ideas: the metaphor of the sun, as well as the famous allegory of the prisoner in the cave, and the more direct allegory of the line.

    Together, these metaphorical stories form a complex and difficult theory: called the form of the supreme good or the ideal of the supreme good (which is also often interpreted as Plato's God), this form is the ultimate goal of knowledge, and at the same time  It is this form that shapes other forms (such as philosophical concepts, abstractions, and properties), and all forms are derived from this form of the highest good.

    to?'s forms shape other forms in the same way that the sun illuminates or illuminates other objects, allowing us to see these things in the perceptual world.

    Plato believed that tangible things in nature are fluid, but the forms or ideas that make up these tangible substances are eternal.

    ? Plato pointed out.  When we speak of horses, we do not refer to any one horse, but to any kind of horse.  The meaning of horse is independent of various horses (tangible), it does not exist in space and time.  Therefore it is eternal.

    But a specific, tangible horse that exists in the [sensory world] is fluid, will die, and will decay.  This can be used as a preliminary explanation of Plato's Theory of Ideas.

    In the metaphor of the sun.  Plato describes the sun as the source of enlightenment.  According to Plato, human eyes are different from other organs.  Because it requires a lighting medium to see things clearly.

    The most powerful lighting medium is the sun. Only with the sun can we clearly distinguish ordinary things.  The same contrast can be applied to matters of intelligence. If we try to discover the qualities of those things that surround us and the way of classifying them, unless we have the form of reason, we will fail completely and know nothing.

    Plato explained his metaphysical theory with a famous cave metaphor: There was a group of prisoners in a cave. Their hands and feet were tied, and their bodies could not turn around. They could only turn their backs to the entrance of the cave.

    There was a white wall in front of them and a fire burning behind them.  On the white wall they saw the shadows of themselves and the objects behind them and between the fire and the fire. Since they could not see anything else, the prisoners thought the shadows were real things.

    Finally, a man broke free from the shackles and groped his way out of the cave.  For the first time he saw the real thing.  He returns to the cave and tries to explain to the others that the shadows are actually illusions and show them the way to the light.

    But to the prisoners, the man seemed even more stupid than before he escaped, and declared to him that there was nothing in the world but the shadow on the wall.

    Plato used this story to tell us that form is actually the physical object illuminated by the sun, and what our sensory world can feel is just the shadow on the white wall.

    Compared with the bright ideal world, our nature is dark and monotonous.  People who do not understand philosophy can only see those shadows, while philosophers see external things in the sunshine of truth.

    In the Allegory of Lines proposed by Plato, we can imagine that everything in the universe represents a series of increasing realities; this reality has been divided unevenly, and the divided sub-parts are based on the first  Another split was made with the same proportions (the second split had the same proportions).
Didn't finish reading? Add this book to your favoritesI'm a member and bookmarked this chapterCopy the address of this book and recommend it to your friends for pointsChapter error? Click here to report