-
Add Bookmark | Recommend this book | Back to the book page | My bookshelf | Mobile Reading
Free Web Novel,Novel online - All in oicq.net -> Fantasy -> The Four Steps of the Unbridled Sky Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 79: Plato, Apollo's Temple of Athens
Previous page Return to Catalog Next page
- One of the Demonic Rebels: The Floating Pot Space©¤Plato
Plato (¦°¦Ëtw¦Í, about 427-347 BC) was a famous ancient Greek philosopher who wrote many philosophical dialogues and founded a famous academy in Athens.
Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. The three of them are widely regarded as the founders of Western philosophy.
According to Diogenes and Laertius, Plato's original name was Aristocles (kles), and he was later called Plato because of his strong body (in Greek, the word platus means flat, broad, etc.).
But Diogenes also mentioned other theories, and Plato's name may also come from his smooth and broad (platut¨ºs) eloquence, or because he has a broad forehead.
Because of Plato¡¯s excellent learning ability and other talents, the ancient Greeks also praised him as the son of Apollo, and said that when Plato was a baby, a bee stayed on his lips, which made his eloquence so sweet and smooth.
In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death. Plato was completely disappointed with the existing political system, so he began to travel to Italy, Sicily, Egypt, Cyrene and other places in search of knowledge.
It is said that when he was forty years old, he returned to Athens from his travels in about 387 BC and founded his own school - "Plato's Academy" in the northwest corner outside Athens. This academy became the earliest fully organized institution of higher learning in the Western Ming Dynasty. One, later generations of higher academic institutions were named after it, and they were also the predecessors of the universities that developed in the West during the Middle Ages.
The academy existed for more than 900 years until it was closed by Emperor Justinian in 529 AD. The academy was greatly influenced by "Pathagoras", and its curriculum was similar to the traditional topics of the Pythagoreans, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics.
The college has trained many intellectuals. The most outstanding of them was Aristotle. In addition to Homer, Plato was influenced by many previous writers and thinkers, including Pythagoras's concept of harmony and Anaxagoras' teaching that Socrates should use the mind or reason as his judgement. The basis for everything; Parmenides' theory of connecting all things may have also influenced Plato's concept of the soul.
Socrates is the main character in the dialogues written by Plato. There is still great controversy as to how much of the dialogue is Socrates' original meaning and how much is Plato's own opinion.
Since Socrates himself never wrote anything, this research question is often called the Socratic Problem.
Another question is how far Plato fictionalized Socrates. Aristophanes also wrote many sarcastic jokes about Socrates. Plato suggested several times that he was one of Socrates' followers, but he never explicitly admitted it. Pass. In the Phaedo he wrote a list of the students who accompanied Socrates on the day he committed suicide. And it is recorded in the Phaedo that Plato was ill.
In the Apology, Plato distances himself from Socrates; Socrates is recorded as claiming that several of his former companions were in the audience, noting that Plato, the brother of Adimatus, was also in the audience. Present in "Defence". Adimatus also appeared as a debater in "Utopia".
Plato never describes himself as one of the discussants in the dialogues, only as a listener watching from a distance.
The only exception is the Defence, in which he does not claim to have heard any first-hand conversations. In one of the dialogues. Plato claimed that these contents were not made up by him, but were simply dialogue notes "Theaetetus" completed under the instructions of Socrates.
It is generally believed that Plato was a close student and follower of Socrates, but strangely Plato never appeared as a party in these dialogues.
The trial and execution of Socrates greatly shocked Plato. The trial of Socrates is the most important and consistent event in a series of dialogues.
Plato explicitly or indirectly mentioned this trial, or the plot and characters of this trial, in many dialogues.
For example, in Theaetetus and Epicurus Socrates tells everyone that he must face an unfair trial.
In the Meno, Anytus warned Socrates to avoid criticizing important figures of his time. Lest he get himself into trouble, Anytus was one of those who jointly prosecuted Socrates in the Apology.
The Apology is Socrates¡¯ defense speech, while Crito and Phaedo are conversations in prison after the trial and conviction.
The trial of Socrates was quite unusual for that era.?, based on current understanding of Athenian civilization in the fifth century BC. Such a trial is unlikely to happen.
Socrates was prosecuted for believing in atheism, but Athens was the city with the highest degree of freedom of speech in Greece at that time. Atheism was not a crime explicitly prohibited by law, and there were also many intellectuals who believed in atheism. There is little public condemnation.
Many well-known plays written by the comedian Aristophanes not only promoted atheism, but also openly ridiculed many gods and traditional heroes. He even described Zeus as an energetic scoundrel and Hercules as a fool. But Aristophanes was never punished for this.
What is also puzzling is that in his defense, Socrates often emphasized that he was a messenger sent by Apollo to preach philosophy to the world. Apollo was a very important god in the Athenian temple at that time.
Critics of Plato believe that Socrates actually offended powerful people and speculate that the trial was staged by Socrates' enemies to warn others not to make the same mistakes he made. This is also one of the problems in studying Socrates. Lates' works, the two men's records of Socrates are often very different.
As for the controversial points of the dialogues, many other dialogues that are considered to be Plato's own opinions are expressed with Socrates as a character, but they do not include Socrates' ideals of human and political virtue.
In the dialogues that Plato admired and loved, Socrates is depicted as having a unique personality, surrounded by friends and enemies.
In other dialogues that Plato did not appreciate, Socrates only served as a spokesman without a unique character. Some of these conversations contain his own unique wisdom, but others do not.
Many metaphysical dialogues thought to be written by Plato himself not only lack the human touch of reading, but are also so abstract that only experts can understand their meaning.
Plato¡¯s dialogues have been divided by scholars into several periods: early, middle, and late periods. Classical historians believe that "Epicurus", "Apology", "Crito" and "Phaedo" are the earliest series of dialogues, and therefore more or less present the true story of Socrates. Original appearance.
He maintained that the early dialogues represented the philosophy of Socrates, while the middle and late dialogues represented Plato's own philosophy, but Plato never stated this in the dialogues.
Scholars have long studied why Socrates never left any writings of his own.
Scholars have long studied why Socrates never left any writings of his own.
Ancient Greek civilization had hundreds of years of mature reading and writing technology before entering Socrates' golden age. Dozens of other poets, philosophers, scientists, and sophists left behind a large number of writings and fragments, but Sucrates Socrates left nothing behind, so many people suspected that Socrates was half-blind. - Didn't finish reading? Add this book to your favoritesI'm a member and bookmarked this chapterCopy the address of this book and recommend it to your friends for pointsChapter error? Click here to report
- Previous pageCatalogNext page