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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 98: The founder of modern Chinese literature

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    One of the guardians of demons - Lu Xun

    Zhou Shuren (1881-1936), also known as Henan, formerly known as Zhang Shou, also known as Yushan and Yuting, is famous for his pen name Lu Xun. He was a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. He was an important writer in China in the 20th century, a leader of the New Culture Movement and a cultural movement.  supporter and the founder of modern Chinese literature.

    The People's Republic of China evaluates him as a modern writer, thinker, and revolutionary.  Lu Xun's works include essays, short stories, reviews, essays, and translations, which had a profound impact on Chinese literature after the May Fourth Movement.

    In 1881, Lu Xun was born in a scholarly family in Dongchangfangkou, Kuaiji County, Shaoxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province, China (now part of Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City), named Zhou Zhangshou.

    Grandfather Zhou Fuqing was a Jinshi of Xinweike in the 10th year of Tongzhi (1871) and served as an official in Beijing.  Lu Xun and Zhou Enlai share the same ancestry, and their ancestor is Zhou Dunyi, the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty.  His father Zhou Boyi was a scholar, and his mother Lu Rui.

    In 1892, at the age of 11, he enrolled in a private school opened by Shou Jingwu in his hometown of Shaoxing.

    In 1898, he left his hometown at the age of 17 and entered the Jiangnan Naval Academy, a new school in Jinling, and changed his name to Zhou Shuren.

    In 1899, he transferred to the Mining Road School attached to Jiangnan Lu Normal University and formed a friendship with Chen Hengke. He graduated in 1901.

    In 1893 (the 19th year of Guangxu), his grandfather Zhou Fuqing was dismissed from his post and imprisoned due to a fraud case in the imperial examination. The Lu Xun brothers were placed in refuge in the home of their uncle Huangfuzhuang, more than 30 miles away from the city.

    Zhou Fuqing was sentenced to eight years in prison, so the Zhou family must spend a large amount of money every year.  Zhou Fuqing was able to survive.  The family began to decline, and his father Zhou Boyi was also seriously ill in bed and died in 1896.  Family changes had a profound impact on Lu Xun.

    The scenes of childhood life, such as Baicao Garden, Xianheng Hotel, the countryside around my grandmother¡¯s house and other places, became important sources of material for Lu Xun¡¯s two novel collections "Scream" and "Wandering" and the collection of essays "Morning Blossoms Picked Up at Dusk".

    Lu Xun was greatly influenced by the theory of evolution and loved reading books with new ideas, especially translated novels.

    Lu Xun¡¯s notes while studying in Japan contained Mr. Fujino¡¯s annotations.

    Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Guo Moruo, Yu Dafu and other famous writers all studied in Japan.  In 1902, 21-year-old Lu Xun went to Japan and first studied Japanese at Hongbun College in Tokyo.  Two years later (went to Sendai in 1904), he entered Sendai Medical College (reorganized as Tohoku University School of Medicine in 1912) to study modern medicine.

    Lu Xun chose to study modern medicine.  It was because of his father's death that he had serious doubts about traditional Chinese medicine.  He was the first foreign student at Tohoku University and the only Chinese student in Sendai at that time.

    The person who had the greatest influence on Lu Xun in Sendai was the anatomy teacher Fujino Genkuro.  In the two books "Lu Xun's Youth" written by Zhou Zuoren and "Impressions of Lu Xun, a Dead Friend" written by Xu Shouchang, both of them quoted Lu Xun's academic performance published by his medical school classmate Shigeo Kobayashi, MD.  .

    It can be seen that Lu Xun¡¯s best test was ethics, which is a social science.  The results of natural science and medical majors were relatively average. Only Fujino failed in the anatomy subject.

    The total result is just as Lu Xun said in the article "Mr. Fujino": among more than 100 classmates.  I'm in the middle.  But he didn't fail.

    Some students in the class thought it was a question from last year¡¯s anatomy test.  Mr. Fujino marked it in his handout and I knew it in advance, so I was able to achieve such a result.

    1994.  Watanabe discovered that the grades were calculated incorrectly: Physiology was 60 points in the first semester and 75 points in the next semester. The single-subject annual average was 65, not 63.3. The overall academic year average was 65.8. The ethics grade, which was an average of 83 during the academic year, was registered as C.

    Lu Xun later wrote "Mr. Fujino", and he also attached great importance to this work. In 1935, Japan's Iwanami Bookstore wanted to publish the Japanese translation of "The Selected Works of Lu Xun". He asked his own student Masuda Wataru who was doing the work of compiling the anthology: I think it should be released  There is not a single entry left.  There is only one article "Mr. Fujino", please translate it and add it.  After Lu Xun's death, Fujino also published an article "Remembering Zhou Shurenjun" to recall Lu Xun's life studying abroad.

    Lu Xun dropped out of medical school after one year of study.  He himself mentioned this matter in the article "Mr. Fujino", saying that he was arrested by the Japanese army and wanted to be shot because of a documentary film about the Russo-Japanese War in which a Chinese acted as a detective for the Russians.  Stimulated by such facts, the Chinese believed that to save the country and the people, they needed to save their minds first, so they abandoned medicine and turned to literature, hoping to use literature to reform the Chinese people's bad national character.

    According to Keisuke Nagata's monograph "Qiu Jin - Biography of a Heroic Heroine", before Qiu Jin returned to China in 1905, he scolded Lu Xun, Xu Shoushang and others who opposed returning to China at Chen Tianhua's memorial service. He also pulled out the Japanese sword he carried with him and shouted:  Surrender to the Manchu captives, betray your friends for glory.  Oppress the Han people and give me a knife.

    In 1906, Honored Mother ordered her to return to China and marry Zhu An.  this fallLu Xun and his second brother Zhou Zuoren went to Japan to study literature and art in Tokyo.

    In 1907, he planned to establish the magazine "New Life", but due to financial problems, he failed to do so.

    In 1908, he studied under Zhang Taiyan and joined the Guangfuhui (Zhou Zuoren thought he did not join). Together with his second brother Zhou Zuoren, he translated some Eastern European and Russian short stories, which is the famous "Collection of Foreign Novels", but the sales volume was mediocre.

    Osamu Dazai (Japanese writer) accepted a commission during his lifetime and wrote a novel "Farewell" describing Lu Xun's life while studying abroad, which was published in 1945.

    In 1909, the 28-year-old Lu Xun returned to China from Japan and served as a physiology and chemistry teacher at Zhejiang Normal School (now Hangzhou Senior High School), a teacher and supervisor at Shaoxing Middle School, and the principal of Shaoxing Normal School (now Shaoxing College of Arts and Sciences).

    In 1911, he wrote his first novel "Nostalgia" (writing in classical Chinese).

    In 1912, 31-year-old Lu Xun was invited by Cai Yuanpei to work in the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Republic of China. After Yuan Shikai became president, he moved to Beijing with the government and served successively as Section Chief of the 1st Section of the Social Education Department of the Ministry of Education and Minister of the Ministry of Education.

    At this time, he went through a period of ideological depression and was quite disappointed with social reforms. He indulged in collecting and studying rubbings, and edited Xie Cheng's "Book of the Later Han" and "Collection of Ji Kang".

    Later, influenced by Qian Xuantong, he rejoined the New Culture Movement and served as a professor at Beijing Women's Higher Normal School and a part-time lecturer at Peking University.

    (Note: Lu Xun was a part-time lecturer at Peking University at the time, not an employee of Peking University. Because at that time President Cai Yuanpei stipulated that to take up a job at Peking University, one must resign from his original position, and Lu Xun was serving as a minister in the Ministry of Education at the time. This is often written in the history of Peking University  Some people made a mistake and took Lu Xun as a Peking University employee.)

    In 1918, 37-year-old Zhou Shuren used Lu Xun as his pen name for the first time and published the first short vernacular novel "Diary of a Madman" written in modern style in the Chinese magazine "New Youth" in the history of modern Chinese literature.

    In 1921, he also vividly shaped the image of Ah Q and published the novella "The True Story of Ah Q".

    In 1924, Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Qian Xuantong, Lin Yutang and others founded the fan weekly "Yu Si".

    In 1924, Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel Prize winner for literature and the great Indian poet, visited the Forbidden City. Beijing arranged for Lu Xun to meet and take photos with Tagore.  At that time, the Chinese literary world's evaluation of Tagore's visit to China tended to be polarized. Lu Xun evaluated his visit to China as making a bottle of perfume.

    Lu Xun worked as a civil servant in the government of the Republic of China for a total of 14 years. His level was recommended, his agency was the Ministry of Education, and his unit was the Department of Social Education (the director was Xia Zengyou). He served successively as the Chief of Section 1 and the Senior Staff Assistant to the Director.  ).

    The main achievements include: serving as the representative of the Ministry of Education of the Mandarin Unification Association, coordinating the formulation of the phonetic alphabet (jointly proposed and wrote the text to unify the phonetic alphabet with Ma Yuzao, Zhu Xizu, Xu Shoushang, and Qian Daosun, but improved Fanqie, so it was simplified to suit the double-tone rhyme.  Chinese characters are most suitable).  (To be continued, please search Piaotian Literature. The novels will be better and updated faster!
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