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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 103: Pen name Tianfeng, Peking University

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    One of the Demon Guardians - Hu Shi

    Hu Shi (1891-1962), whose original name was Si Zhen, his professional name was Hong Xi, and his courtesy name was Xijiang. Later he changed his name to Shi, and his pseudonyms were Shizhi, and his pen names were Tianfeng, Zanghui, etc. He was a native of Shangzhuang Village, Jixi, Anhui Province. He became a Xinhua scholar because of his advocacy of academic revolution.  One of the leaders of the movement, he has served as president of Peking University, dean of Academia Sinica, and ambassador of the Republic of China to the United States.

    Hu Shi has a wide range of interests and rich writings. He has conducted in-depth research in many fields such as scholarship, philosophy, history, textual criticism, education, ethics, and red studies.  He was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1939.

    In 1910 (19 years old), he passed the second period of the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and went to the United States to study. He first studied agriculture at Cornell University, and then changed to majors. In 1914, he went to Columbia University to study philosophy, and studied under the philosophers John and Dewey.

    In 1917 (26 years old), Xia returned to China and served as a professor at Peking University.

    Successive positions: Professor of Peking University in 1917 (26 years old), Acting Provost of Peking University in 1919 (28 years old), Provost of Peking University in 1922 (31 years old), Principal of China Public School from April 1928 to 1933, 1932 (41 years old)  ) Dean of Peking University College, Professor and Director of Fu Jen Catholic University, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to the United States in 1938 (47 years old), Honorary Advisor of the Oriental Department of the Library of Congress, President of Peking University in 1946 (55 years old), Academia Sinica  Academician, Director of Princeton University's Gersted East Asian Library, and in 1957 (66 years old) Dean of the Academia Sinica of the Republic of China (located in Nangang Town, Taipei County (now Nangang District, Taipei City)), etc.

    Hu Shi was also a pioneer of Chinese liberalism.

    Hu Shi was deeply influenced by Huxley and Dewey. He claimed that Huxley taught him how to doubt and Mr. Dewey taught him how to think.  Therefore, Hu Shi advocated liberalism and skepticism throughout his life, and used the monthly magazine "New Youth" as a basis to promote democracy and science.  A lifelong advocate of bold assumptions.  A scholarly approach that requires careful verification and proof-reading.

    Weishi was born on December 17, 1891 in Chuansha County, Jiangsu Province (now Pudong New Area, Shanghai).

    In 1893, he went to Taiwan with his mother, where his father Hu Chuan took office.

    In 1895, when the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 broke out, his mother left Taiwan and returned to Shanghai. Later, she returned to her ancestral home in Shangzhuang, Jixi, Anhui, and studied in a private school.

    In 1904, he got engaged to Jiang Dongxiu. From his third brother, he went to Shanghai and entered Meixi Academy.  Entered Chengzhong School in 1905.

    Admitted to the Chinese Public School in 1906.  In 1908, he entered China New Public School and served as an English teacher part-time.  In 1910, he studied in the United States and entered Cornell University to major in agriculture.  In 1915, he entered the philosophy department of Columbia University and studied under John Dewey.

    In 1917, he published "A Preliminary Discussion on Academic Reform" in "New Youth".  same year.  After passing the final examination for the doctorate in philosophy, he returned to China as a professor at Peking University, participated in the editing of "New Youth", and returned to Jixi, Anhui to marry Jiang Dongxiu.

    In 1919, he took over the "Weekly Review" and published "Study More Issues."  Talk Less About Isms", advocated reformism and provoked debates on issues and doctrines.

    In 1920, he left New Youth and lectured at the summer school of Nanjing Higher Normal School (now Nanjing University).

    In 1922, he served as provost and acting chief of science of National Peking University and founded "Effort Weekly".  In the second issue of "Effort Weekly" (May 14), he jointly published "Our Political Standings" with Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Tao Xingzhi, Liang Shuming and others.

    In 1924, he founded the weekly "Modern Review" with Chen Xiying, Wang Shijie and others.  In 1925, he participated in the Beijing aftermath conference and participated in drafting some conference documents.

    In 1926, together with his mentor Guo Bing and others, he initiated the establishment of the China-American Association in the United States.  From 1926 to 1927, he traveled to the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Japan.

    In 1927, he officially obtained a doctorate in philosophy from Columbia University.  Established Crescent Bookstore with Xu Zhimo and other organizations.  In 1927, he met Chiang Kai-shek at the wedding of Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Meiling in Shanghai.

    Established the monthly magazine "Crescent Moon" in 1928.  Served as principal of a Chinese public school.

    In 1929, he published "Human Rights and Conventions" in the "Crescent" magazine.  Marked the beginning of the human rights movement, and subsequently published "When Will We Have a Constitution - Questions About the Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China", "It's Difficult to Know, It's Difficult to Do - A Commentary on Mr. Sun Yat-sen's "It's Easy to Do, It's Difficult to Do", "The Xinhua Movement and  Kuomintang".

    In January 1930, a collection of chapters on human rights issues by Hu Shi, Luo Longji, and Liang Shiqiu was submitted to Crescent Bookstore for publication, which was later banned by the Kuomintang government.

    In "Which Road Are We Going", it is stated that the five major enemies that must be eradicated and defeated are poverty, disease, ignorance, corruption and chaos.

    In 1932, he served as dean of National Peking University College and director of the Department of Chinese Studies.  He also invited Jiang Tingfu, Ding Jiang, Fu Sinian, and Weng Hao to found the Independent Review, for which Hu Shi wrote a total of 1,309 chapters.

    He arrived in Hong Kong in 1935 and stayed for five days, mainly to receive an honorary doctorate in law from the University of Hong Kong.

    After the 1977 Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937.  Chiang Kai-shek asked Hu Shi to go to the United States that day to win U.S. support for China on August 19.

    ?In 1938, he was appointed Ambassador of the Republic of China to the United States.  In 1942, he resigned as ambassador to the United States.  Lives in New York and engages in academic research.

    In 1943, he was appointed as the honorary consultant of the Oriental Department of the Library of Congress.  Lectured at Harvard University in 1944.

    In 1945, he served as a representative of the Republic of China government delegation to attend the United Nations Constitutional Convention in San Francisco; as the chief representative of the Republic of China government delegation, he attended the UNESCO meeting in London to formulate the organization's charter.

    In July 1946, he returned to Peking and served as the president of National Peking University.

    In 1948, the People's Liberation Army came to Peking and used radio broadcasts to appeal to Hu Shi to stay and continue to serve as president of Peking University. Hu Shi remained unmoved and decided to leave Peking and fly to Nanjing.

    In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek sent Chiang Ching-kuo to Shanghai to visit Hu Shi.  In April, he went to the United States and published "No Freedom Under Rule: The Postscript "An Open Letter from Chen Yuan to Hu Shi"". While traveling in the United States, he met Zhang Ailing and formed a friendship; "Free China" was founded, and Hu Shi was appointed as the nominal editor  Issuer.

    In 1950, he was appointed as the Director of the East Asian Library of Princeton University.

    In 1955, a movement to criticize Hu Shih was launched in mainland China. Sanlian Bookstore published the "Collection of Criticisms of Hu Shih's Thoughts". Mr. Hu Shih lived in the United States. He collected these eight books and carefully annotated them.

    According to Geng Yunzhi, the origin of the movement to criticize Hu Shi was: I think this sentence was the most ungentlemanly sentence he ever said in his life. He (Hu Shi) said that based on the level at that time, he would not be able to pass the exam at Peking University.  Yes, I estimated that these words might reach the ears of the Communist Party of China, so I decided very decisively to launch a nationwide campaign to thoroughly criticize Hu Shi.

    In 1957, he was appointed president of Academia Sinica.  In 1959, he concurrently served as chairman of the National Long-term Scientific Development Committee.  In 1960, Lei Zhen, the head of "Free China" magazine, was arrested, and Hu Shi was once implicated.

    In 1962, he died of a sudden heart attack in Nangang Town, Taipei County (now Nangang District, Taipei City).

    During his studies at Columbia University in the United States, Hu Shi studied under John Dewey, which led him to adhere to the philosophy of pragmatism (Dewey-style pragmatism, Hu Shi translated it as experimentalism) throughout his life.

    Peking University students have always been picky about teachers. Peking University student Gu Jiegang introduced Fu Sinian to Hu Shi¡¯s class to decide whether to expel this new international student from the Philosophy Department of Peking University.
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