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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 80 Shakespeare

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    Shakespeare never reached the level of admiration during his lifetime, but he received the praise he deserved.

    In 1598, the writer Francis Mills singled him out from a group of English writers as the best in both comedy and tragedy.

    Authors of Greek mythological plays at St John's College, Cambridge, compared him to Geoffrey Chaucer and Edmund Spenser.  Although his contemporary Jonson mentioned Shakespeare's lack of art when commenting on the Scottish poet William Drummond, in the dedication poem in the "First Folio", Jonson did not hesitate to praise Shakespeare, calling him the "age of the times".  soul and said:

    "Extraordinary achievement, my Britain, you have a subject to boast of, to whom all the stages of Europe should pay homage. He belongs not to one age, but to all ages!"

    From the restoration of the British monarchy in 1660 to the end of the 17th century, classicism was all the rage.  Therefore, most critics at the time believed that Shakespeare's achievements were inferior to those of John Fletcher and Jonson.

    ??For example, Thomas Rymer criticized Shakespeare for mixing tragedy and comedy.  However, the poet and critic Dryden had a high opinion of Shakespeare. When talking about Jonson, he said, I admire him, but I like Shakespeare.

    For decades, Rymer's view prevailed, but by the 18th century, critics began to write about Shakespeare in his own style, praising his genius.

    A series of scholarly critical editions of Shakespeare's works, including Samuel Johnson's 1765 edition and Edmund Malone's 1790 edition, further enhanced his reputation.

    By 1800, he was considered a national poet.  His popularity also spread around the world in the 18th and 19th centuries.  Writers who championed him include Voltaire, Goethe, Stendhal and Victor Hugo.

    During the Romantic period, Shakespeare was praised by the poet and critic Coleridge, and the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated Shakespeare's works into German versions.  Rich in the spirit of German romanticism.

    In the 19th century, complimentary comments about Shakespeare's talent often bordered on flattery.  In 1840, the Scottish scholar Thomas Carlyle, after discussing the increasing decline of the British king, wrote: Here I want to say that there is a British king that no parliament can oust him from power. He is King Shakespeare!  Does he not shine above us all with royal dignity, like a noblest, most elegant, and most steadfast flag?  He is so indestructible and has unparalleled value from every angle.

    His plays were staged on a large scale during the Victorian era.  The playwright and critic Bernard Shaw derided Shakespeare worship as bardolatry¡ªa portmanteau of bard (minstrel) and idolatry (blind worship).  Shakespeare is often called a Bard, a term that connotes an excessive veneration of Shakespeare.

    Shaw believed that the emergence of Ibsen's emerging naturalistic drama made Shakespeare's style obsolete.

    The artistic modernism movement of the early 20th century did not abandon Shakespeare, but included his works as avant-garde.  German Expressionists and Moscow Futurists adapted his plays for the stage.

    Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht designed an epic theater under the influence of Shakespeare (r).  The poet Thomas Stearns Eliot argued against Shaw's view that Shakespeare's primitiveness actually made him truly modern.

    Eliot and Sir G. Wilson, as well as some scholars of New Criticism, initiated a movement towards a deeper reading of Shakespeare's works.

    1950s.  The new wave of criticism replaced modernism and paved the way for postmodernist studies of Shakespeare.  By the 1980s, Shakespeare studies were the subject of structuralism, feminism, Afro-American studies, and queer studies.

    About 150 years after Shakespeare's death, doubts about the original author of Shakespeare's works gradually began to emerge.  Possible authors proposed include Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere.

    Although all these candidates were generally dismissed by academic circles, popular interest in the subject continued into the 21st century.

    Shakespeare's works include 36 plays in the "First Folio" published in 1623, which are listed below in comedy, tragedy and historical drama.

    Not every word of the works attributed to Shakespeare was written by him, and some show signs of collaboration.  It was also a common phenomenon at that time.  There are two works not included in the "First Folio", "The Two Noble Kinsmen" and "Pericles, Prince of Tyre". Scholars now believe that Shakespeare was the main contributor to these two works.  included in the list of his works.  There are no poems included in the First Folio.

    Late 19th century.  Edward Dowden classified four of the later comedies as Shakespearean romances, a term that is often cited, although rarely?Scholars think it should be called a tragicomedy.  These works and Two Noble Kinsmen are marked with an asterisk in the table below.

    In 1896, Frederic Boas coined the term plays to describe four works - Tit for Tat, Troilus and Cressida, The Marriage, and Hamlet  .

    The theme of the drama is single.  And the atmosphere could hardly be called strictly comic or tragic, he wrote.  So we borrow a convenient phrase from theater today.  Collectively they are called Shakespeare's Problem Plays.  The term has been much debated, sometimes applied to other plays, and is still used today, although Hamlet is usually classified as a tragedy.  Other problematic dramas are marked with a pound sign (#) in the table below.  Plays in which Shakespeare collaborated with others are marked with a dagger number in the table below.

    In 1856, the British missionary William William translated Thomas Milner's "Great Britain" in China, and the word "shakespere" in the book was translated into "shakespere".

    In 1902, Liang Qichao was the first to use the translation name Shakespeare.  "The Strange Tales of Shakespeare" published in 1903 was the beginning of the translation of Shakespeare's works. This book translated ten stories from "Shakespeare's Dramatic Stories" adapted by the outstanding British scholar Charles Lamb and his sister Mary Lamb.  "Pu Wai Qi Tan" is described in the narrative example as follows: The book was originally written in poetry.  The book was published by the British scholar Lan Bu Xing and was named Shakespere. Hereby we select and translate the ten best chapters.  Named after this name.  .

    In 1904, Lin Shu and Wei Yi published "Yin Bian Yan Yu". The book stated that the original author was British Shakespeare, the translators were Lin Shuren and Wei Yi of Min County, and the publisher was the Commercial Press.  "Yin Bianyan" is a translation of "Shakespeare's Drama Stories" written by brothers Charles and Mary Lamb.

    Lin Shu said in the preface to "Yin Bian Yan Yu" that in the spare time at night, Wei Jun occasionally picked up one or two notes of Shakespeare, and I drafted the book under the lamp, which took twenty days to complete.  Among them, "The Merchant of Venice" was translated into "Meat Coupon" and "Hamlet" was translated into "Ghost Marsh".

    Guo Moruo said that Lin Shu's translation of Shakespeare's collection of dramatic stories "Yin Bian Yan Yu" also made me feel extremely interested. He had a great influence on me invisibly.

    Lin Shu and Chen Jialin also co-translated four Shakespeare historical dramas: "Henry IV", "Legendary" ("Charlie II"), "Henry VI", "Caesar" and other works.

    In 1921, Tian Han translated "Hamlet", which was the first complete translation of Shakespeare's play in dramatic form. In 1924, he also translated "Romeo and Juliet".

    Starting from 1935, Zhu Shenghao translated thirty-one plays and half of the unfinished works until his death in 1944.  Liang Shiqiu published all Shakespeare's works known at that time from 1936 to 1969.  Fang Ping also edited the poetic translation of "The New Complete Works of Shakespeare".

    The main Chinese translation is prose translation, and the verse translation is also prose translation, or rhyme poetry. These are not in line with the blank metrical verse style of Shakespeare's original work. Yu Bufan pioneered the equal syllable metrical verse translation method, using equal syllables.  Fa Zhongzhong translated Shakespeare's original work, and the blank meter poem was reflected in the Chinese translation. All previous problems of Shakespeare's translation not conforming to the original work were finally solved. The first volume of Yu's translation was published in Hong Kong in 2011.
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