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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 106: The apple falls from the tree

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    Adam Smith himself did not see a contradiction between the two, and after the publication of The Wealth of Nations he published a slightly revised version of The Theory of Moral Sentiments.  He may have believed that moral sentiments and self-interest would ultimately lead to the same goal.

    The Wealth of Nations became the first work to attempt to explain the history of industrial growth and commercial development in Europe, and became a pioneer in the development of modern economics.  It also provided one of the most important theoretical foundations for capitalism and free trade, and greatly influenced subsequent generations of economists.

    There is some controversy over the original version of The Wealth of Nations. Some people claim that the content of the book was altered to be more moderate to conform to the established theories of certain thinkers at the time, such as David Hume and Montesquieu.

    Indeed, many of Adam Smith's theories simply described a historical trend away from mercantilism and toward free trade, a trend that had been developing for decades and had a huge impact on government policy.

    Regardless, Adam Smith's work broadly organized their theory and remains one of the most important and influential books in economics today.

    "When his residence in Oxford expired, he was faced with the choice of what path to take in the future. He lacked a legacy and had no career of his own. He could not choose a church career because religiously he had become  A follower of Voltaire¡¯s theory.¡±

    "One of the Demonic Rebels: The Floating Pot Space - Voltaire"

    Voltaire (November 21, 1694 - May 30, 1778), formerly known as Fran?ois-Marie Arrouet, was a French thinker, philosopher and writer in the Enlightenment Age, and the recognized leader and mentor of the Enlightenment Movement.  Known as the father of French thought.

    Not only did he have outstanding achievements in philosophy, he was also famous for defending civil liberties, especially freedom of belief and judicial justice.  Although censorship was severe in his time.  Voltaire remained openly supportive of social reform.

    His discourses were characterized by satire, often attacking the dogma of the Catholic Church and the French education system at that time.  Voltaire's writings and ideas, along with Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, influenced major thinkers of the American and French Revolutions.

    Voltaire was born into a wealthy middle-class family in Paris. He was the youngest of five children (only three survived). His father, Fran?ois Arouet, was a notary.  Later he served as secretary of the Audit Institute.

    The mother, Marie-Marguerite Dumas, came from a noble family in the Poitou province.  Voltaire was educated at the Jesuits in Paris and then at the Lyc¨¦e Louis the Great.

    It is said that Voltaire was very smart. He could recite famous works at the age of 3 and compose poetry at the age of 12.  While in high school, Voltaire mastered Latin and Greek.  Later he became fluent in Italian, Spanish and English.

    Studied law from 1711 to 1713.  Before joining the profession, Voltaire also worked as a secretary for the French ambassador to the Netherlands and fell in love with a French woman.  The two's plan to elope was discovered by Voltaire's father, who forced him to return home.

    In fact, Voltaire had the desire to study literature after graduating from high school.  But his father wanted him to study law.  Voltaire pretended to work as a lawyer's assistant in Paris, but actually spent most of his time writing satirical poems.

    This matter was soon discovered by his father, who sent him to another province (outside the Paris area) to study law.  However, Voltaire persisted in writing essays and conducting historical research that was not particularly textual.

    At that time, the French feudal political system was harboring a profound crisis.  Voltaire served for a period as secretary of the embassy abroad and secretary of the court. He was in aristocratic circles. With the sensitivity of a poet, he often criticized fashion and commented on government affairs. He attracted attention with his sharp words and witty remarks.

    Therefore, he was also constantly persecuted by the feudal political rulers.  1715.  Voltaire wrote a poem satirizing the then regent, the Duke of Orleans, who was exiled to Surry.

    In 1717, he was imprisoned in Basti Prison for 11 months for writing satirical poems alluding to the promiscuous life in the court.  While in prison, Voltaire completed his first play: about the regency of Louis XV.  Oedipus Rex by Philip II, Duke of Orleans.

    In this work, he used Voltaire as his pen name for the first time, which came from the name of a castle in his hometown in southern France.

    In the autumn of 1718, not long after he was released from prison, Oedipus Rex was staged in Paris and caused a sensation.  Voltaire was crowned the best poet in France.

    In 1726, Voltaire was insulted and falsely accused by the nobleman Drohan.  Once again he was thrown into Basti Prison for a year.  After his release from prison, Voltaire was deported and went into exile in England.

    Voltaire¡¯s exile in England (1726-1728) was a new period in his life.  Very interested in local politics, society, religion, science and other conditions.

    He has lived in the UK for 3 years and considered in detailHe understood the political system of the constitutional monarchy and local social customs, deeply studied British materialist empiricism and Newton's new achievements in physics, and formed political opinions against feudal democratism and philosophical views of deism.

    "Philosophical Correspondence" is a summary of his views and experiences in the UK. It is also his first monograph on philosophy and political science.

    In 1729, with the tacit approval of King Louis XV of France, Voltaire returned to France.  In the following years, he successively completed and published the tragedies "Brut", "Say", and the historical work "History of Charles XII".

    In 1734, Voltaire officially published the "Philosophical Correspondence", which promoted the achievements of the British bourgeoisie after the revolution and criticized the French political system.  The collection of letters was banned immediately after publication, and the Paris court ordered the author's arrest.

    He fled to his girlfriend, the Marquise de Chatelet's manor in the village of Xile, and lived in seclusion for 15 years.  During this period, he was once appointed as a historian by the court, and was elected as a member of the Royal Society in 1743 and an academician of the French Academy in 1746.

    The quiet life of seclusion allowed Voltaire to give full play to his talents and wrote many epics, tragedies, and historical and philosophical works, such as the philosophical and scientific works "Metaphysics" and "Newton's Principles of Philosophy"; the drama "Caesar"  "Death", "Muhammad", "The Son of the Libertine", "Herop"; the philosophical novel "Zadig", etc.

    The publication of these works made Voltaire gain great reputation.  In addition to philosophical discussions, they set up a physics laboratory in the same house and studied Newton's "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" together. The Marquise de Chatelet was the first to translate "Principles of Natural Philosophy" from Latin to French.  people.

    Voltaire believed deeply in Newton's theories, especially optics (Newton discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum, and Voltaire did many experiments on this), and gravity (many stories about Newton are attributed to Voltaire  What he wrote about, like the apple falling from the tree, he learned from Newton's niece while he was in London and first mentioned it in his On Poetics).

    Although Voltaire and the Marquise were quite interested in the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz (a contemporary competitor of Newton), and the Marquise adopted some of Leibniz's arguments to refute Newton,  But they remained loyal Newtonians.

    Her translation of Newton's works remained the most important version into the 20th century.  "Newton's Principles of Philosophy" written by Voltaire, possibly co-authored with his wife, introduced Newton to the general public.  Many scholars believe that this work made Newton's theory of optics and mechanics finally known and accepted by the general public.

    In 1749, the Marquise de Chatelet died in childbirth.  Voltaire briefly returned to Paris.  In 1750, Voltaire, who wanted to make a difference in politics, was invited to Berlin by King Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great), who had long admired him. He got a good position as a palace attendant and a good job.  treatment.
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