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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 107: Pragmatism Philosophy

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    As a philosopher, he developed a friendship with the king, who spoke almost perfect French.  However, the two friends were not able to tolerate each other for a long time. The former had superb intelligence and sharp personality, while the latter was moody and accustomed to obeying others.

    The widening of disagreements was inevitable, and in 1753, Voltaire had a dispute with Maupertuis, another scientist favored by the king. Voltaire wrote an article satirizing Maupertuis's absurd thesis.  But the latter had the support of the king.  This incident led to a breakdown in his relationship with the king and prompted him to leave Prussia.  His most important published work while living in Berlin was The Century of Louis XIV.

    After leaving Prussia, Voltaire bought property and settled down in a place called Verne on the border of France and Switzerland.  After that, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the fiery Enlightenment Movement.

    On the one hand, he wrote and published a large number of pamphlets under a pseudonym, lashing out at the Catholic Church and the Protestant religious persecution and the government's crimes of disregarding human life; on the other hand, he enthusiastically supported the struggles of the younger generation of Enlightenment thinkers, especially the Encyclopedia School, and actively  Writing entries for them, the Philosophical Dictionary is a compilation of philosophical entries he wrote for the Encyclopedia.

    At the same time, in addition to continuing to create dramatic works, he also completed historical works such as "Russia under Peter the Great" and "Parliamentary History" as well as philosophical novels such as "Candide" and "The Innocent Man".  Voltaire's tireless struggle promoted the vigorous development of the Enlightenment. He himself was also revered as Father Verne.

    On February 10, 1778, when the 84-year-old Voltaire returned to Paris after an absence of 29 years, he was warmly welcomed by the people.  This was the most glorious peak of Voltaire's life development.  Soon he fell ill and died in the same year.

    Before his death, Voltaire made instructions for his funeral: half of the coffin should be buried in the church.  Half is buried outside the church.  This means that if God lets him go to heaven, he can go to heaven from the church; if God lets him go to hell, he can sneak away quietly from the other end of the coffin.

    Voltaire¡¯s coffin was permanently placed in the Pantheon by the people of Paris, who affectionately called him the spiritual prince.  Voltaire was a champion of enlightenment, fighting for freedom of thought and speech throughout his life, and living an independent life relying on his pen.

    Voltaire¡¯s name represents not a person, but an entire era.  ©¤Victor Hugo

    Voltaire opposed the monarchy and advocated deism.  Criticized the Catholic Church and advocated freedom of speech.  He was once said to have famously said: I don't agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.  This was thought to represent his advocacy for free speech.

    But in fact, Voltaire did not say this sentence. This sentence comes from the biography "Voltaire's Friends" published in 1906 by the British writer Evelyn Beatrice Hall.  People mistakenly attribute this quote to Voltaire.

    Voltaire admired Chinese Confucius because Confucius used moral persuasion to influence others, rather than using religious fanaticism and personal worship.

    ??Worship Chinese Confucianism and regard China¡¯s political system as the most perfect political system.  Because China's civil service system allows lower-class people to be promoted to the ruling class.

    He regarded Confucius as a true philosopher. He once said that the saint was Confucius. He regarded himself as noble and a legislator of mankind.  Never deceive humans.  No lawgiver ever proclaimed more useful truths to the world than Confucius.

    Regarding Catholicism, Voltaire compared the Catholic Pope to a two-legged beast, missionaries to civilized villains, and Catholicism to the most shameful trap of deception laid out by some cunning people.

    He called on everyone to fight against appalling religious fanaticism in their own way.  Some bit his ears; others stepped on his belly, and still others scolded him from a distance.

    Voltaire wrote a total of fifty to sixty plays, including some unfinished works.  These include: "Oedipus the King" 1718) "Say" za?re) 1732) e-phile 1732) "Socrates" "Muhammad" "Merope" "Chinese Orphan"

    ?According to the poet ur, Voltaire and Frederick II were able to establish a friendship because "both admired the other's intelligence."

    Missionary Joseph Ma translated "The Orphan of Zhao" into French.  It was included in the "Complete Records of the Chinese Empire" compiled by Father Douched and published in 1735.

    "The Orphan of China" adapted by Voltaire based on Joseph Ma's translation.  Compared with Ji Junxiang's original version, it is very different in form, plot, characters, and historical background. It can be said to be a brand new story.

    "One of the Demonic Rebels: The Floating Pot Space - Dewey"

    John Dewey (1859-1952) was an American philosopher and educator. Together with Peirce and James, he is considered an important representative of American pragmatism philosophy.

    Dewey comes outBorn in an ordinary family in Vermont, USA.  He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879 and received a doctorate in philosophy from Johns Hopkins University in 1884.

    1884 He taught philosophy at the University of Michigan in the United States in 1889 and at the University of Minnesota in 1889.

    In 1894, he served as dean of the Departments of Philosophy, Psychology and Education at the University of Chicago. In 1902, he also served as dean of the School of Education.

    In 1904, he held an adjunct professorship in the Department of Philosophy at Columbia University in New York.  He also served as president of the American Psychological Association, the American Philosophical Association, and the American Association of University Professors.

    In 1896, he founded an experimental middle school as the experimental base for his educational theory and served as the principal of the school.  Opposing the traditional educational methods of indoctrination and mechanical training, we advocate learning from practice.  Put forward the slogan that education is life and school is society.

    Its educational theory emphasizes personal development, understanding of external things, and the acquisition of knowledge through experiments, which has a great influence.  Dewey went to many parts of the world to give lectures and promote his ideas. He once visited China and India, so his ideas also influenced areas outside the United States.

    Dewey¡¯s two most important educational ideas: continuity and learning by doing or learning by doing)

    ?The continuity of education means that if a person completes a stage of education, or he finishes the first volume of mathematics, but does not want to continue studying, this means that the education has failed.

    There is no continuity. Successful education continues forever. It is what is now called lifelong education.  Learning by doing is the product of empiricism, behaviorism, and progress theory.

    Dewey clearly stated in his famous educational work "Democracy and Education" that the purpose of education is to enable individuals to continue their education. It is not to find other purposes outside of the educational process and use education as this other purpose.  appendages.  This kind of teleology really makes people dare not accept it easily.

    It must be remembered that the education he is talking about here is inseparable from the democratic society he pursues. For him, especially in the social environment at that time, what he reflects can be said to be an American spirit-the individual.  Development itself is the ultimate goal.

    He said: Education itself has no purpose.  Only people, parents and teachers have purpose.  If we interpret his words to mean that education is aimless, it is obviously a misunderstanding. He just wants people not to obliterate the nature and current life of children and young people by cultivating social efficiency. He is not willing to reduce education to be an accessory to other purposes.  Therefore, he interpreted the purpose in education like this: When a person shoots a gun, his purpose is to point the gun at the target.  But this object is just a mark to focus our attention on the activity we want to perform.

    The ultimate goal of shooting is not the swan itself, but the mark that makes the action of aiming concrete and meaningful. Similarly, the educational process itself has the full meaning of developing individual talents, and the goal of education is only to serve as a guide and guide.
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