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Text Chapter 312 The Second Horse Returns Home

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    Since the Korean War, Americans have been hearing the new "China" repeatedly emphasize "China's core interests" and are very tough to fight back against infringement of its core interests, using various methods.  Zhu.COm¡¼ÖĞ¡½ uses the First Opium War to draw a line. The pursuit of cultural relics looted after 1840 has been narrowed down to the scope of safeguarding the core interests of the¡¼China¡½. This is a very serious issue.  Faced with Li Dawei's tougher attitude than himself, Markibull also felt that he had no choice but to remain silent and confront Li Dawei, the chairman of the American Cultural Council who was participating in the negotiation for the return of cultural relics to China.  Goode looked at Deputy Secretary of State Markibull, and then said to Li Dawei: "Mr. Deputy Foreign Minister, keeping these extraordinary charismatic cultural relics from China in the United States and displaying them in front of the American people will be very important to inspire the United States."  Isn¡¯t it a good thing to increase the public¡¯s understanding of Chinese culture and promote cultural exchanges between the people of the United States and China?  "[] "It is indeed a good thing for the American people to understand some [Chinese] history and culture through these cultural relics, but this must be done under the condition that the [Chinese] government takes back the ownership of these cultural relics.  "Li Dawei continued: "These cultural relics are the relics left by the Chinese people in the long historical development process.  Various cultural relics reflect from different aspects the various historical periods and dynasties of China, the social activities, social relations, ideologies of China, and the situation of the people of China in utilizing and transforming nature.  ¡½The precious historical and cultural heritage of the Chinese people.  The protection and research of these cultural relics by the [Chinese] government and the people helps the [Chinese] people understand their own history and creative power, reveal the objective laws of Chinese social development, and understand and promote the development of [Chinese] society now and in the future.  is of extremely important significance.  So we must recover the ownership of these looted artifacts.  "" Negotiation is actually a process of mutual testing, mutual understanding, and mutual bargaining.  Swanlogood continued to test the bottom line of [China]: "Mr. Deputy Foreign Minister, leaving these cultural relics of [China] in the United States" will not affect the information carried by these cultural relics, nor will it affect [China].  Scholars¡¯ research on these cultural relics has been comprehensively developed by various museums in the United States for Chinese scholars who come to the United States to conduct academic research. The U.S. government is willing to support 20 Chinese scholars every year to come to the United States to conduct academic research on these cultural relics.  "Expenses". "Mr. Swanlogood [President], your opinion is very constructive, but I have to regret to tell you, no!"  "Li Dawei still insisted without giving in: "There is another reason you cannot understand to take back the sovereignty of these cultural relics.  ¡°In the eyes of you Westerners, these [Chinese] cultural relics that were illegally plundered by Western powers are just ancient Eastern works of art, or the trophies of your ancestors.  But in the eyes of Chinese people, these cultural relics have a deeper meaning, that is, they also record the humiliation of China for more than 100 years.  Therefore, I emphasize once again that the ownership of these cultural relics looted by Western countries must be recovered.  Only when the ownership belongs to us, we will discuss other forms and contents of cooperation and communication.  " "According to what the Deputy Foreign Minister of [China] means, [China] wants to recover these cultural relics to eliminate the humiliation they have suffered for more than 100 years.  "U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Marki Bull sat aside and thought to himself, although [China] is not ready to launch a war for these cultural relics, if [China] wants to adopt a certain approach on all issues related to the interests of the United States,  A comprehensive non-cooperative attitude is also extremely troublesome and will make the United States feel uneasy. Some sober American politicians have realized that "China" is now taking the "core interests" of the country and the nation.  Putting it first, no matter who touches their "core interests", the Chinese people will work together and fight against the same enemy.  For the sake of their own core interests, they were able to put aside everything, and even fight against the Soviet Union regardless of ideological identity. For more than 100 years, a huge country that originally thought it was the center of the world was defeated by the West.  The little barbarians bullied them so hard, causing this ancient oriental country to suffer too much humiliation.  The burning of the Old Summer Palace and the burning, killing and looting of the Eight-Power Allied Forces into Beijing were regarded as a national disaster with deep suffering in the minds of the Chinese people. This kind of harm done to the Chinese nation by Western powers will last throughout the 20th century and continue into the 21st century.  Even more distant future" and has greatly increased the Chinese people's wariness and hatred towards Westerners and Western self-righteous culture.  In turn, it has become a powerful driving force for the Chinese nation to strive for strength.  As a politician, he knows very well that if any Western country can successfully resolve the wariness and hatred of Chinese people towards Westerners and Western culture.  Which country can gain the understanding and support of China.  You will have priority to enjoy the benefits brought by the third technical life.At least now, China, a rising power, will not be allowed to turn itself into an enemy.  Returning the cultural relics looted from [China] is undoubtedly a good way to resolve the hatred of Westerners in the hearts of [Chinese] people, and is the best means to promote friendly relations with [China].  On the other hand, it can also establish a "good international image" internationally.  So Markibul made a very wise and far-sighted concession, and at the same time posed a moderate problem for China: "Mr. Deputy Foreign Minister, if [China] can confirm that the origin of these cultural relics is indeed through  We must return all property obtained by legitimate means belonging to the [Chinese] government or [Chinese] citizens.¡± The two sides will formulate a treaty to resolve this issue through legal procedures.  This is certainly a good idea.  But Li Dawei knew that over the past 100 years.  [China] What cultural relics have been plundered overseas and how many are there?  How these cultural relics were plundered is probably a question that no one can answer accurately, and it is even more difficult to prove each piece.  This method is used to solve the problem of returning cultural relics lost overseas to China.  This will make the return of China's cultural relics lost overseas more difficult, tortuous and longer.  But this is fine. It is no longer possible to imagine the rampant smuggling of cultural relics in later generations in China, the blatant auction of Chinese cultural relics, and the use of Chinese cultural relics as cash machines.  It also prepares the future for the United Nations to formulate the "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import and Export of Cultural Property and the Illicit Transfer of Ownership" to prohibit and prevent the import of cultural property that has been looted and illegally exported from other countries and to prevent the illegal transfer of its ownership."  Take appropriate measures to recover and return such cultural property to ensure that [China] has the right to demand the return of looted and illegally exported cultural relics; and [Chinese] government has the right to pursue lost cultural relics at any time without limitation.  Li Dawei briefly thought about this proposal and said: "Okay.  Then both of us will work together to formulate a practical agreement.  Let¡¯s solve this problem.  ¡± In the next few days, after a lot of verbal exchanges and bargaining, the two sides finally reached the "Treaty between China and the United States on Jointly Prohibiting and Preventing the Illegal Import and Export of Cultural Property and the Illegal Transfer of Ownership". This is also  It provides a "model" for China, Britain, France, Germany and other countries to deal with looted cultural relics in the "China and the United States on jointly prohibiting and preventing the illegal import and export of cultural property and the illegal transfer of its ownership."  "The Title" stipulates that the owners of stolen cultural relics shall return them to the government and individuals of the country of origin. (1) For the purpose of this treaty, any stolen cultural relics that were illegally taken out of the country after 1840 without the permission of the [Chinese] government.  Cultural relics that are part of a specific memorial site or archaeological site, or cultural relics that are in the public collection or private collection of the government of the country where they originally belonged, shall be deemed to be looted cultural relics.  The request shall be made within 3 years from the time when the national government and individuals know the location of the cultural relics and the identity of the owners of the cultural relics: and in any case, within 150 years from the time of theft.  As long as the owner did not know and should not know that the cultural relic was stolen" and can prove that he was prudent in acquiring the cultural relic, he is entitled to fair and reasonable compensation when the cultural relic is returned.  (3) When determining whether the owner was prudent, attention should be paid to all the circumstances of the acquisition of the artifacts, including the nature of the parties involved, the price paid, and whether the owner registered the stolen cultural artifacts with a registration authority that has normal access to them.  consultation, other relevant information and documents that would normally be available to him, whether the owner consults with accessible authorities, or takes other measures that a reasonable person would take in the circumstances.  (4) When the owner demands compensation, the payment of compensation to the owner by the government and individuals of the original country shall not prejudice the right of the government and individuals of the original country to regain such compensation from any other person.  ¡¼China¡½The China Cultural Relics Protection Commission quickly launched the protracted recovery of stolen cultural relics in the United States in accordance with the "Treaty between China and the United States on Jointly Prohibiting and Preventing the Illegal Import, Export, and Illegal Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property."  And ultimately contributed to a large number of more than 2,600 ancient Chinese paintings, including the representative work "Pictures of Emperors of the Past" by the Tang Dynasty painter Yan Liben, which can be called a national treasure, the well-preserved Song Dynasty copy of Tang Zhangxuan's "Tao Lian Tu", and Song Weizong's "Five Color Parrot"  and Langdon Warner used gum to remove tiles from Tang Dynasty murals.  A beautifully painted Bodhisattva statue from the Tang Dynasty was completed after decades of carving. The base was carved from red sandalwood. There are more than 10,000 ivory fossil carvings from the Qianlong period and other carvings, paintings, bronzes, ceramics and other categories.  Among the rare treasures that were stolen and lost, the cultural relics have been returned. The most gratifying ones are the six named war horses of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty in Zhaoling. Among the six horses in Zhaoling, "the stone horse lost its group and crossed the sea."The two horses, "Sa Lu Zi" and "Fist Mao Lie", went through all kinds of hardships to return to China, allowing the six lost horses to be reunited in the local Stele Forest Museum in China.  In order to let everyone know the situation of the return of the second horse, we focus on the summer of 1962 in the Pennsylvania State Court of the United States.  The lawyer hired by the University of West Virginia Museum confidently said that the reliefs of the two war horses, Sa Lu Zi and Quan Mao Lai, are cultural heritages of China. Now they live in isolation in our Penn Museum. We are very sympathetic to the current situation of the separation of the six horses.  , but at the same time, Sa Lu Zi and Quan Mao Lie are also the property of the Penn Museum. Penn did not participate in any activities related to stealing the two horses. We obtained them from a Chinese antique dealer named Lu Qinzhai through commercial means.  "Purchased." The lawyer of the University of Pennsylvania Museum in the United States calmly took out a document from his wallet and said: "This is the transaction invoice between the University of Pennsylvania Museum and Lu Qinzhai in 1920" and asked the court and jury to review it and record it.  " "The two war horse reliefs of Sa Lu Zi and Quan Mao Lie were indeed purchased by the defendant, the University of Pennsylvania Museum, from Lu Qinzhai." "The lawyer ** of the China Cultural Relics Protection Commission pointed out: "But  I remind the court that Lu Qinzhai is a major criminal suspect suspected of smuggling cultural relics wanted by the Ministry of Public Security of China. The Lu Wu Company he founded is a major criminal group suspected of smuggling cultural relics. The suspect and his  Lu Wu Company has been smuggling Chinese cultural relics to the United States for more than 30 years since 1915. The suspect has smuggled countless Chinese national cultural relics to the United States and other countries, including the Six Horses of Zhaoling.  Among them, "Sa Lu Zi" and, "Fist Mao Lie" are the most famous. Here I need to briefly introduce the two war horse reliefs "Sa Lu Zi" and "Fist Mao Lie". The tenth year of Tang Zhenguan is 636 AD.  In 1999, Li Shimin, the then emperor of China, built Zhaoling on Jiujun Mountain, 22.5 kilometers northeast of Liquan County, Shaanxi Province today.  When the mausoleum was built, Li Shimin ordered: "The soldiers and horses I rode to help me in trouble should be engraved with their true form and placed on the left and right sides."  , so, in the North Sima Gate of the altar on the north side of Zhaoling, stone carvings of the six horses that Li Shimin loved most during his lifetime were erected.  These are called the Six Horses of Zhaoling and are carved based on the paintings of Yan Liben, a great painter of the Tang Dynasty. Each piece is 204 cm wide, 172 cm high, 40 cm thick and weighs 3.7 tons.  In the history of China, most of the stone animals in front of Han people's tombs were sheep, tigers, Tianlu, and evil spirits. However, on the Zhaoling Mausoleum in Chang'an, a horse with an arrow wound was carved, and its technique was simply unprecedented.  These six war horse reliefs of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty have stood quietly in Zhaoling for thousands of years. However, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, they were ruthlessly uprooted. Two of them are now stored in the Museum of Penn State University in the United States.  The horses, known as Sa Lu Zi and Quan Mao Lai, were smuggled to the United States by Lu Qinzhai around 1916 to 1917 and bought to the University of Pennsylvania Museum for $125,000.  Although the criminal suspect died in Switzerland in 1957, his Lu Wu Company still exists. Please ask the court to summon the parties involved in Lu Wu Company to confirm the situation at that time.  " In court, Lu Wu Company's lawyer Fu produced a letter written by Lu Qinzhai in Harrison in 1927. In this letter, he wrote: "In 1915, former President Yuan Shikai ordered them to be officially moved to Beijing.  A few months later the two horses were sold to us through someone else.  "This transaction is absolutely legal. These stone horses were sold to us by the top leaders of China."  " "This lawyer reminds the court to pay attention to the suspect's testimony. Since President Yuan Shikai ordered the two war horse reliefs of Sa Lu Zi and Quan Mao Lie to be officially moved to Beijing.  So how could Liangjun be sold to them through others?  "Lawyer ** from the Cultural Relics Protection Committee of China immediately pointed out righteously, "The criminal suspects said that this transaction was absolutely legal. The second horse was sold to them by the top leader of China, so please commit the crime.  The suspect presented relevant evidence to the court.  " The lawyer of Lu Wu Company in court was immediately dumbfounded. What a joke! The smuggled evidence was really what Yuan Shikai agreed to sell. This kind of dirty transaction that has been reviled by thousands of people will not leave any evidence. "  To the silent lawyer of Lu Wu Company, the ** lawyer of the [China] Cultural Relics Protection Commission went on to say: According to the Treaty between China and the United States on Jointly Prohibiting and Preventing the Illegal Import and Export of Cultural Property and the Illegal Transfer of Ownership, first  The article stipulates: Any sharp objects that are part of specific memorial sites or archaeological sites illegally carried out of the country without permission from the Chinese government after 1840 should be regarded as looted cultural relics. Therefore, these two war horse reliefs are indeed looted.  Stealing cultural relics. **The lawyer then said to the judge: "Mr. Judge, I now have a question to ask Erjun's current owner, the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania." "Permission."  " "I would like to ask the Penn Museum, were you cautious when purchasing these two war horse reliefs?  Have you noticed all the situations in which artifacts were obtained?  Have the Chinese governments from which other relevant information and documents that are normally available been consulted been consulted?  If so, please show relevant informationLegal documents.  "The judge said expressionlessly to the lawyer of the Penn Museum: "Please ask the defendant to present relevant evidence to this court." "No, the transaction at that time did not have these provisions, so we did not consider these.  " "The plaintiff replied that the question raised by the defendant" "This is not a question of whether there were such provisions in the transaction at the time, but a matter of what a normal person should do under such circumstances to determine the source of the subject matter of the transaction.  of legality.  ** said after answering the question, "So the Penn Museum cannot prove that Bai has been cautious when acquiring the cultural relics. According to the Treaty between China and the United States on Jointly Prohibiting and Preventing the Illegal Import and Export of Cultural Property and the Illegal Transfer of Ownership  According to the provisions of Articles 2 and 3 of the "Penn Museum", the University of Pennsylvania Museum cannot receive any compensation from the [Chinese] government when returning the cultural relics.  The only way to recover the losses suffered by the Penn Museum is from Lu Wu Company.  " In the jury, a juror who is a member of the Pennsylvania Congress in the United States expressed his opinion on the case: "Like most members of the jury, when I think of a respectable institution of higher learning, especially  It is institutions of higher learning in the United States that intend to serve as moral models for other countries, but they actually used unfair means to purchase this world-rare art treasure with high artistic value from a smuggler wanted by the Chinese government.  Smuggling cultural relics really makes us feel so embarrassed!  Penn University used such unfair means to obtain these two Tang horses, and they should be immediately returned to their original and distinguished owners, the People's Republic of China.  Let the second handsome man go home and reunite with the other four handsome men.
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