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Volume 3: A blow of destiny, the king appears Chapter 84: I love my teacher, I love the truth even more

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    One of the Demonic Rebels: The Floating Pot Space©¤Aristotle

    Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC), ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

    His great saying: I love my teacher, and I love the truth even more

    His works cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry (including drama), music, biology, zoology, logic, politics, government, and ethics.

    Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato¡¯s teacher), he is known as the founder of Western philosophy.  Aristotle's work was the first extensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.

    Aristotle's ideas on physics profoundly shaped medieval academic thought, and his influence extended into the Renaissance, although he was eventually replaced by Newtonian physics.

    Today Aristotle¡¯s philosophy is still active in all aspects of academic research.  Although Aristotle wrote many treatises and elegant dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as Golden Rivers), most believe that his writings are now lost, with only about a third of his original works surviving  down.

    When Aristotle was 18 years old, he was sent to study at Plato's Academy in Athens. Aristotle lived in the Academy for the next 20 years until his teacher Plato died in 347 BC.

    Plato may have been somewhat dissatisfied with Aristotle, and Aristotle finally discovered that Plato had differences with him on important doctrines, but he was always full of respect for his teacher.

    After Plato¡¯s death.  Aristotle could not stand the fact that the new head of the Academy was more sympathetic to the mathematical tendencies in Plato's philosophy.  and left Athens.

    It can be seen from Aristotle's writings that although Aristotle did not agree with the views of the new leaders of the academy such as Posippus, he still maintained good relations with them.

    It is reported that after leaving the academy, Aristotle first accepted the invitation of his former school friend Hermias to visit Asia Minor.  Hermias was the ruler of Mysia on the coast of Asia Minor.  There Aristotle also married the niece of Hermias.

    But in 344 BC, Hermias was murdered in a riot, and Aristotle had to leave Asia Minor and go to Mytilene with his family.

    3 years later.  Aristotle was summoned back to his hometown by King Philip II of Macedonia and became the teacher of Alexander the Great, who was only 13 years old at the time.

    According to the famous ancient Greek biographer Plutarch, Aristotle instilled moral, political and philosophical education in the future world leader.

    Aristotle also used his influence and played an important role in the formation of Alexander the Great's thoughts.  It was under the influence of Aristotle that Alexander the Great was always very concerned about science and respected knowledge.  The emperor even provided abundant human and financial resources to enable Aristotle to complete many scientific researches.

    but.  Aristotle and Alexander the Great may not have had exactly the same political views.  The former's political outlook was based on the Greek city-states that were about to decline, while the centralized empire later established by Alexander the Great was nothing more than a barbarian invention to the Greeks.

    After Philip II died in 335 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school there.  The name of the school (Lyceum) is named after the wolf-slayer (Lyceus) near the temple of Apollo.

    During this period, Aristotle gave lectures and wrote many philosophical works.  Aristotle had a habit when he lectured.  That is, walking in the corridors and gardens while giving lectures. Because of this, the philosophy of the academy is called the philosophy of leisure or the philosophy of strolling.

    And the followers of Aristotle are also called disciples of the Persuasive School.  That is, the walkers.  Aristotle also wrote many works during this period, mainly on natural science and philosophy regarding nature and physics.  The language used is also much more obscure than Plato's "Dialogues".

    Many of his works are based on lecture notes, and some are even class notes of his students.  Therefore, some people regard Aristotle as the author of the first textbook in the West.

    Although Aristotle wrote many dialogues.  But only a few fragments of these conversations have survived.  The most preserved works are mainly in the form of treatises, which Aristotle did not originally intend to publish.  It is generally believed that these papers are notes or textbooks given to students during Aristotle's lectures.

    Aristotle not only studied almost all subjects at that time, he also made great contributions to these subjects.  In science, Aristotle studied anatomy, astronomy, economics, embryology, geography, geology, meteorology, physics.?, and zoology.

    In philosophy, Aristotle studied aesthetics, ethics, politics, government, metaphysics, psychology, and theology.

    Aristotle also studied education, literature, and poetry.  Aristotle's life writings add up to an almost encyclopedia of knowledge about the Greeks.  Some also believe that Aristotle may have been the last person of his time to have mastery of all disciplines and established wisdom.

    After Alexander's death, the Athenians began to rise up against Macedonian rule.  Because of his relationship with Alexander, Aristotle had to flee to Chalcis for refuge because he was accused of impiety, and his academy was left in the charge of Theophrastus.

    Aristotle said that he would flee because: I did not want the Athenians to commit the sin of destroying philosophy for the second time.  (a metaphor for the death of Socrates before)

    But a year later, in 322 BC, Aristotle died of an illness that had accumulated over the years.  Aristotle also left a will asking that he be buried next to his wife's grave.

    Aristotle defined his philosophy as a cause and declared that his philosophy was the science of studying the real causes of the universe.

    Plato defined his philosophy as the science of ideas, which refer to the basic principles of all phenomena.  Both master and disciple believed that philosophy was the science of studying the universe. However, Aristotle studied the universe by studying the essence of various specific things, while Plato believed that the universe was not connected to other specific things.

    According to Plato, those things are just samples or models of the universe.  For Aristotle, the study of philosophy meant rising from the study of specific phenomena to the study of the essence of things; but for Plato, the study of philosophy represented a rise from the study of a universal idea to the study of specific samples transformed by these ideas.  .

    Aristotle¡¯s research method is both inductive and deductive, while Plato¡¯s research method is essentially derived from transcendental principles.

    According to Aristotle, the term natural philosophy refers to the study of the natural world, including motion, light, and the laws of physics.

    ? Many centuries later these fields became the foundation of modern science and were studied with scientific methods.  In modern times, the term philosophy is usually used only to describe the realm of metaphysics, rather than those studies that observe the natural world in a physical scientific way.

    By contrast, in Aristotle¡¯s time, the term philosophy encompassed all aspects of human knowledge.

    More broadly, Aristotle juxtaposed philosophy with logical reasoning, which he called the science of philosophy.  However, the meaning of the word science he used is not the same as the so-called scientific method in modern times. All science (reasoning) is either practical or imaginable and theoretical.  (To be continued.)
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