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Volume Three: With a blow of destiny, the king appears. Chapter 110: Wuji gives birth to Tai Chi, and Tai Chi gives rise to Liangyi

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    In the Shang Dynasty, the order of the sixty-four hexagrams was rearranged and recorded in the book "Gui Zang", with Kun as the first hexagram.  />

    According to the records in Sima Qian's "Historical Records", Wang Ju performed the Book of Changes. Therefore, later generations believe that the "Book of Changes" was established at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was King Wen of Zhou who established the "Book of Changes" with Qian as the first hexagram.  And write down the hexagram words (explanations of the hexagram images) for each hexagram.

    Zhou Gongdan, the son of King Wen of Zhou and the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou, is considered to be the founder of Yao Ci (the interpretation of each Yao).  The content of the hexagrams and linea not only affected the history of the Zhou Dynasty, but also affected the literary style of the Book of Songs.

    "Ten Wings" is considered to be the work of Confucius' disciples and re-disciples during the Spring and Autumn Period.

    It is an interpretation of the "Book of Changes" and has ten chapters, including: 1. Tuanzhuan, 2. Tuanxiaozhuan, 3. Xiangzhuan (also known as the Elephant), and 4. Xiangxiazhuan (also known as the Little Elephant).  , 5. Uploading of Xici, 6. Downstream of Xici, 7. Biography in Classical Chinese (Classical Chinese is the language used to explain the two hexagrams scriptures), 8. Biography of preface hexagrams, 9. Biography of saying hexagrams, 10. Biography of miscellaneous hexagrams.

    But according to records, there are other ways to classify "Ten Wings", and the classification methods have not reached unity.  After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "Ten Wings" was called "Yi Zhuan" and was regarded as part of "Zhou Yi".

    In the past fifty years, new historical research on the "Book of Changes" has emerged. Western and Chinese scholars have studied the animal bones used for divination and oracle bone inscriptions on tortoise shells from the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the bells and tripod inscriptions on bronzes, and other historical materials.

    In 1973, the nearly complete "I Ching", "Tao Te Ching" and other books from the second century B.C. were unearthed from Mawangdui of the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, Hunan Province. It is the earliest existing version of the "I Ching" and contains many aspects that had been previously considered  It is believed to be the first and second parts of "Xici Zhuan" written by Confucius, but it does not include other parts of "Shiyi".

    Contemporary scholars doubt that King Wen of Zhou and Confucius were not the authors of the Book of Changes. Some scholars even believe that the concept of the sixty-four hexagrams was formed earlier than the eight trigrams.

    After comparing the "Book of Changes" unearthed at Mawangdui in Changsha with the Zhongdingwen of the Zhou Dynasty, scholars believe that the "Book of Changes" could not have been written by King Wen of Zhou Dynasty.  The most likely date of writing is the late Western Zhou Dynasty, around the end of the ninth century BC.

    It is generally believed that the "Book of Changes" is not the work of any legend or historical figure, but is a compilation of texts used for divination in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

    As for "Yi Zhuan", Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty already suspected that "Yi Zhuan" was not written by the same person. Contemporary scholars believe that the chapters in "Yi Zhuan" first appeared in China's Warring States Period, but some chapters were also written in the Western Han Dynasty.  .

    Hui Dong, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, said: The fourth generation of Dong Xiantong learned about Chinese studies, and the Han Dynasty was still in the ancient times, so it is not far away from the Holy Spirit.  "Poetry" and "Li" Mao and Zheng, "Gongyang" He Xiu.  Biography and annotations exist; "Shangshu" and "Zuo Zhuan" all contain pseudo-Confucian texts such as Ma and Wang, while Du Yuankai has roots in Jia and Fu; only the "Book of Changes" alone contains no Sinology.

    It is said that when the First Emperor of Qin burned books and harassed Confucian scholars, Li Si included "The Book of Changes" in the book of medical divination and was spared.  After that, people in various dynasties studied "The Book of Changes".  Including Jingfang and Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty, Wang Bi in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Lu Deming, Li Dingzuo, Kong Yingda in the Tang Dynasty, Shao Yong, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi and so on in the Song Dynasty.

    The study of Yi Tu emerged in the Song Dynasty, such as the well-known He Tu, Luo Shu, Xiantian Bagua Diagram, Houtian Bagua Diagram, Tai Chi Diagram (circular pattern with yin and yang fish), etc., which are not found in the original book of "Yi Jing"  , added by later generations based on their understanding of the "Book of Changes".

    The study of Zhouyi in the past dynasties can be roughly divided into two schools: the Yili school and the Xiangshu school.  The Giri School emphasizes interpreting the hexagram and line images, hexagram words, and line words from the meaning of the hexagram names of the eight trigrams and the sixty-four hexagrams.

    The Xiangshu School focuses on explaining the hexagram-yao images, hexagram words, and line-words from the objects symbolized by the eight trigrams.  Some people also believe that the Giri school explores the philosophical value of the Zhouyi, while the Xiangshu school focuses on using the Zhouyi for divination.  The former are like Wang Bi and Cheng Yi.  The latter are like Jingfang and Shao Yong.

    At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the "Book of Changes" was translated by missionaries and spread to the West.  At the end of the 17th century, the German philosopher and mathematician Leibniz interpreted the "Book of Changes" in binary due to the introduction of the sinology master Bouvet (Chinese name Bai Jin. 1662©¤1732).  Nowadays, many people in mainland China, Taiwan and Western countries study the "Book of Changes".

    According to Jiang Hongyuan's book "A Study on the Changes of Jingfang Yixue", since the emergence of "Jingshi Yizhuan", it has been promoted by Zhu Xi, Huidong, and the "Summary of the General Catalog of Siku".  It is believed that this book and its regulations were written by Kyofusa himself.

    This book extends Shen Yanguo's argument and determines that Jingfang is based on the sixty hexagrams led by the twelve hexagrams and the sixty bell rhythm.  Bagong Gua, Najia, and Nayin evolved from another non-Jing's "Yi" school such as Xun Shuang, Yu Fan, and Qian Bao. After the emergence of "Jing's Yi Zhuan", they replaced the original Jingfang.  There are patterns.

    The content of the Book of Changes is composed of hexagrams, with a total of sixty-four hexagrams.  Each hexagram is composed of six layers, each layer is called Yao (yao2).

      Each line is represented by a long horizontal line, which represents Yang, and is called Yang Yao; or by two broken horizontal lines, which represents Yin, and is called Yin Yao.  Counting from the bottom, there are six Yao in total, and the six Yao are combined with different Yin and Yang to form sixty-four different combinations.

    The six lines can be divided into the upper half and the lower half, and the three lines in each part are matched with different yin and yang to form a variety of different combinations, called hexagrams.  The six lines are interpreted from bottom to top as: "First, Second, Three, Four, Five and Up". The hexagrams generated by the three lines are from top to bottom (upper hexagrams) or outer hexagrams, and they are at the bottom.  Xia Gua or Nei Gua.

    Each hexagram represents a state or process.

    There is also a saying that it was created by Fu Xi who first drew three lines and then introduced (Qian), (Kun), (Zhen), (Li), (Xun), (Kan), (Gen), and (Dui).  's hexagram.

    Later generations explained the composition of the hexagrams by saying that Wuji generates Tai Chi, Tai Chi generates two rituals, two rituals generate four images, four images generate Bagua, and Bagua generates sixty-four hexagrams.

    Tai Chi (?) represents one, and the traditional Tai Chi diagram represents the complementarity of yin and yang; one is divided into two, separating yin and yang, which is the two rites; two is divided into four, which is the four images: the sun, Shaoyang, Shaoyin, and Taiyin  ; Four parts are divided into eight, which is the eight trigrams; two eight trigrams overlap, which is the eighty-eight sixty-four hexagrams.  However, some scholars pointed out that historical data show that the hexagrams of divination were already the sixty-four hexagrams when they first appeared. Instead, the eight hexagrams were interpreted by later generations.

    The sequence of the hexagrams is derived from the Hetu Luoshu and the Eight Trigrams of the Heaven and the Past, and is divided into two sutras: the upper and lower sutras.  It embodies the idea that the sky is round and the earth is still.

    There is a widely circulated view in China that the binary system of modern computers comes from Chinese gossip, but this has long been proven to be a myth.  Regarding this error, Guo Shuchun pointed out on page 461 of the book "Liu Hui, the Master of Mathematics in the Ancient World": There is a saying in China that "The Book of Changes" created the binary system. As for Leibniz, he was influenced by the Bagua of the "Book of Changes" to create the binary system and use it in computers.  The myth is even more widely circulated.

    The fact is that Leibniz first invented the binary system, and later he saw the Bagua of the Book of Changes rearranged by Song Dynasty scholars brought back by missionaries, and found that the Bagua could be explained by his binary system.  Therefore, it was not Leibniz who invented binary after seeing the Yin and Yang Bagua.

    Pages 14 to 18 of Liang Zong's masterpiece "Allusions from the History of Mathematics" have a more detailed study of this historical case. Those who want to know more can refer to it.

    The binary system itself has addition, subtraction, multiplication and division calculations, as well as conversions between binary and decimal and other base systems, etc.  The binary system is completely different from the Yin-Yang Bagua. The Yin-Yang Bagua has no operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division at all, and there is no conversion with other base systems.  Treating the yin and yang trigrams, which are only superficially similar, as a binary system actually commits the fallacy of what the great physicist Feynman called idiot science.
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